Biography of Alan Greenspan

It is somewhat inconceivable that a man often dubbed as the â€Å"second most powerful man in the United States next to the president himself†, was an undergraduate at the Juilliard School, studying the clarinet. A former member of a jazz band and perfectly capable of playing the saxophone, Alan Greenspan is a name known in every American household, where a staggering statistic of 9 out of 10 American adults are acquainted with who Greenspan is, as opposed to knowing who the Vice President of the United States is.Born to a Hungarian Jewish family on March 6, 1926, Alan Greenspan spent his formative years in Washington Heights, New York. Having an aptitude for numbers, Greenspan was the one who was often left with the bands bookkeeping and his natural inclination towards business was what prompted his transition from studying musical arts to studying economics. Thus, enrolling at the New York University on September 1944, he went on to earn two degrees in economics, graduating summa cum laude in 1948 and attaining his MA in 1950.Although he was never able to finish his PhD at Columbia University owing to a lack of a dissertation, he attained it later on at NYU in 1977 without having to make the particular requirement as well as honorary Doctor of Commercial Science on December 14, 2005. Almost 40 years before his appointment as chairman of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan’s professional career began as an economic analyst at the National Industrial [Insert Last Name 2] Conference Board, where he stayed on from 1947 to 1953.He then proceeded to open, along with William Townsend, Townsend, Greenspan & Company, an economic consulting firm in New York City where he served as the firm’s president and chairman for a little over 33 years. Having accepted the job as a coordinator on domestic policy under Richard Nixon during the presidential campaign in 1968 and later as the Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers in 1974 to 1977 under Geral d Ford, the company was seen to be dwindling down from success.Successors to the chairmanship of the Federal Reserve that was being vacated by Paul Volcker were being nominated and Alan Greenspan’s name was among those in mind. Nominated by Ronald Reagan, Greenspan’s nomination hearing went through on July 21 1987 and confirmed by the Senate on August 11, 1987. He was faced with his first ever crisis; the 1987 stock market rash which was one of the biggest crashes in the history of Wall Street.His period serving at the Fed has allowed him to build credibility and flexibility in affecting the economy, combating recession by lowering the interest rates without so putting so much of a shock on the bond market. Serving as the chairman of the Federal Reserve for four terms under past presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, Greenspan was nominated by President George Bush to serve his fifth tem on May 18, 2004, an extraordinary feat that has yet to be s urpassed.Among his many awards and titles that he received during his service was the Presidential Medal of Freedom, bestowed upon him by President George W. bush in November 2005, Knight Commander of the British Empire in 2002 and Commander of the Legion of Honor. Having appointed another successor in the person of yet another former chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers to ensure a [Insert Last Name 3] smooth changeover, Greenspan’s stay as a member of the board officially reached a close on January 31, 2006. Converted from being a logical positivist, he became an advocate of Objectivism due to the influence of Nathaniel Branden.He was introduced to Ayn Rand, the Objectivist author who was to become his mentor and friend, by his first wife, Joan Mitchell. A supporter of Rand’s philosophy, Greenspan wrote several literary pieces for the Objectivist newsletters as well as contributions for Capitalism; the Unknown Ideal, Rand’s book published in 1966 among which was an essay supporting the gold standard. A known advocate of laissez faire capitalism, a number of Objectivists find irony in the way that Greenspan supports the gold standard in spite of the Federal Reserve's role in America's fiat money system and endogenous inflation.Harry Binswanger claims that Greenspan falls short of his support of the Objectivist and free market principles as evinced by his publicly expressed opinions and actions while working for the Federal Reserve. Following his retirement from the Federal Reserve, Greenspan has a new company; the Greenspan Associates LLC, working as an advisor, making speeches and offering consulting for other firms. He has written his own memoir, The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World, which was published on September 17, 2007. In it, he tells of his history in the service of the U. S.government as well as issues, present and future, concerning global economy, where he voices out his criticisms of President George Bush , VP Dick Cheney and the Republican-controlled Congress. Having been given his third stint as a private adviser, Greenspan was hired by Paulsen &Co in the middle of January 2008 to get his input on economic issues and monetary policies. As such, he will be advising them on issues the U. S. economy and the world financial markets. [Insert Last Name 4] Works Cited Sheehan, Fred. â€Å"Alan, We Hardly Know You’. 20 July 2007. Safehaven. 12 April 2008. < http://www. safehaven. com/article-8006. htm>

Ethics in Islam

International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 Islamic Perception of Business Ethics and the Impact of Secular Thoughts on Islamic Business Ethics Muhammad Hashim Lecturer Government College of Management Science, Peshawar, KPK-Pakistan Abstract The purpose of this paper is to exhibit the business ethics perception in Islam and to unveil the western secular values and thoughts regarding ethics. We have presented the various repeatedly verses from Holy Quran and teachings of the Prophet.But unfortunately the western dominancy on our systems with great extent effaced our core Islamic values, beliefs and idea regarding business and trade. The dominancy of their organism has occupied a vital rule in all the major activities in our system and we are constrained to follow. Especially Muslims are striving for much profit and they are ignoring the ethical standard of the business, what Islam prohibits and what permits they don’t care. Being Muslims we have to follow the rules and regulation for business dealings which stated by Islamic jurisprudence the business will sustain its image and will be able to survive.Keywords Business ethics, Islam, Perception, Western thoughts, Quran, Ahadith, Islamic jurisprudence. 1. Introduction: In today’s modern business each business enterprise is fettered to follow the ethical perspective of the business language because no business activity can be best managed and organized without knowing sound Islamic business ethics especially for Muslims. Because the holy Quran says â€Å" Allah has made business legitimate for you† If a person knows about the wide range of issues which are confederated with all the function of marketing so then he/she can best manage the overall business with splendid ways.If we talk about ethics a clear picture comes to our mind about the behavioral aspect of the business person or mangers that how he is going to deal c ustomer in best and suitable manner. If the sentiment of ethics is prevail in the 98 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 mind of entrepreneur then surely he can never deceive the customer at all. Imprudent behavior in this regard may damage or collapse the overall business goodwill and reputation.The tradition of prophet (May peace be upon him) states â€Å"The Muslims are bound by their provisions or stipulations† ( Abu Daud, Hadith No:3120) about infielder and hypocrite who break down the promise the tradition of Holy prophet states thus â€Å" the hypocrite is not a promise person if he makes promise he breaks it and if he makes compact, he act traitorously† (Bukhari,1 hadith No: 32) In country like ours we must follow the Islamic jurisprudence regarding business dealing and the way of conducting daily and routine business transactions. In this behalf we can fo llow the instructions and orders of Holy Quran and Ahadith2 of our prophet (sws).It is the great bounty of Fiege who revealed the Holy Quran for the direction of human beings with clear revelations over prophet Muhammad (sws) who is the incarnation for all human beings a concise lessons and glade tidings for those who believe on day of resurrection/dooms day, warning and wrath for those who belie all the clear sign or verses. It is unethical if some one makes stratagems or plots in daily routine business transaction with their customers using abuse language and showing despise then he is casting his self into darkness and plunge into astray.The great triumph and avert self from seditious or humiliation is to plain business dealings and good behavior with customers. Ancient people of prophet shuaib (A. S) were famous for unethical dealings and wrong measuring and weighing of goods. They were considering adulteration, feigning and dishonesty in business transaction their triumph and r ejoice but they could not know the plot of oft-forgiver, and hence calamity seize them form where they did not know about. In the holy Quran Allah says† And to Madyan people we sent their brother shu’aib.He said: O my people, Worship Allah, you have no other ilah (god) but Him, and give not short measure or weight. I see you in prosperity and verily I fear for you the torment of a day encompassing† (surah Hud, part 12, verse no 84) â€Å"And O my people, Give full measure and weight in justice and reduce not the things that are due to the people, and do not commit mischief in the land, causing corruption. (Hud, part 12, verse,85. ) â€Å"That which is left by Allan for you (after giving the right of the people) is better for you, if you are believers.And I am not a guardian over you† (Hud, part 12, 86) 1 Book name of the Ahadith 2 Sunnah of the Holy prophet Muhammad( May Peace Be upon Him) 99 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Rese arch in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 Further Quran says â€Å"He said: â€Å"O my people, Tell me if I have clear evidence from my lord and He has given me a good sustenance from Himself (shall I corrupt it by mixing it with the unlawfully earned money). I wish not, in contradiction to you, to do that which I forbid you.I only desire reform to the best of my power. And my guidance can not come except form Allah, in Him I trust and unto Him I repent. (Verse no, 88). Further the people of Madyan said, Quran tells us â€Å"They said: O shu’aib, we do not understand much of what you say, and we see you weak among us. Were it not for your family, we should certainly have stoned you and you are not powerful against us. †(Verse no: 92, part 12. ) On other place of the Holy Quran, Allah says, â€Å"the dwellers of Al-Aikah (place name near Madyan3) belied the Messengers. (Surah 26, part 19, verse no: 175)4 â€Å"Give full measure a nd cause no loss to others† And weigh with the true and straight balance. † (Verse no: 181,182) â€Å"And defraud not people by reducing their things, nor do evil, making corruption and mischief in the land. † Then we can see what was the requite for such a transgress nation, they could not outstripped the Quran says â€Å"And when our Commandment came, we saved Shu’aib and those who believed with him by a Mercy from Us. And As-Saihah (torment awful cry) seized the wrong doers, and they lay (dead), prostrate in their homes. (Verse no: 94, part 12. ) It is clear form the above verses that how the people of Madyan were defrauding the people in things, and they were considering short measure and weights to the people accomplishment in their business. This is a single parable a thousand of exemplary events in this regard may prove about outcast people and nations. About lawful business transaction we can see the saying of our Holy prophet (saww) 3 Nation of th e prophet Shu’aib( A. S) 4 Quran( the last revealed book) 100 www. hrmars. com/journalsInternational Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 Islam encourages candor and reliability in business transaction. The Holy prophet saidThe honest merchant/business man on the day of resurrection will be rewarded with prophets, pious, virtuous and martyr people†. (Tarmidhi, hadith No: 1130). Now we briefly converse the term ethics, business, business ethics, and the reason why Muslims have failed to follow the instruction of the Holy Quran and sayings of the Holy prophet (saww) in business dealings. . Literature review 2. 1 Ethics the word ethic is derived from the Greek word â€Å"ethos† means custom and usage. A study what ever is right and good for humans. ( VU,2011)5. Ethics a set of moral principles which enable a person to distinguish between things which one is good and which one is bad. The term ethics i s often use as morality, morality in actions is very important constituent no behavior can be positive with out good and resonance base of ethics. Ethics also sustain behavior and it leads good attitude. Dr Sabahuddin Azmi). â€Å"We may define ethics as normative science of the conduct of human being living in societiesa science which judge this conduct to be right or wrong, to be good or bad. Or in some similar way. William Lillie (1971). Basically the word ethics if we see it in Islamic perspective means to see what is good and bad socially as well as morally because ethics is something which play important role for making and developing an sound and pious society. (syed abul A’ala Mawdodi,1994)6To be ethical it is required to have clear good judgment and responsibilities. The ethics can be covered from education, a person can get and train ethically by learning, but there is no need of some special education for ethics a person can learn form his surrounding and environm ent. To solve difficult situation and face different problem requires ethical understanding, a good human interaction needs a good and sound base of ethics, if a business want to be called an ethical accepted business, so it requires to take such action which are ethically accepted.Most people think that business has nothing to do with ethics but it business ignored the ethical standard will loose its image and not be able to survive. (Muhammad Tufail, 2009) 5 Virtual university Lahore Pakistan. 6 The great Islamic scholar and writer of 21st century 101 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 2. 2 Business Business can be defined any activity which is done for the purpose of earning profit but legitimate activity is called business.Illegal or unlawful activities not reckon in the limit of the business. In literary sense, the term business means the state of being busy; it includes all those activity which are related with production, distribution and selling of goods and services with the core object of earning profit. According L. H. Haney,† it is a human activity directed towards providing or acquiring wealth through buying and selling. † According to Urwick and Hunt they describes â€Å" business s an enterprise which makes, distributes or provides any article or services which the other members of the community need and are able and welling to pay for it. † According to R. N. Owen â€Å"It includes all the commercial and industrial activities which provide goods and services to people with the objective to earn profit. † (Saeed Nasir, 1995) 2. 3 Business ethics So for carrying all these bustles business ethics an important component to formulate particular ethical standard in the framework of commerce and then applied.So business ethics is a device use in exchange transactions to accomplish the obligations. We have seen in the de finition of the business and have already define ethics what does it mean, no it is clear that business includes all production and distribution activities relating goods and services, now we have to follow all that business morality which comes under business ethics and which Quran and saying of the prophet tell us that how we should do our dealings and what norm we should kept in mind before dealings.But we are cent percent failed to follow the ordained of fiege and the saying of the Holy prophet, because we debates on business ethics and business morality but when time comes then we ignore the verses of the Holy Quran and the action of the apostle. Being a Muslim we must see and study the Quran and sunnah,7 as we know being a Muslim that the western secular ethical values are relatively useful in this world but it is respite, and the Islamic code of ethics are much constructive not in this world but also hereafter. In this paper our core debate is to see business ethics in the ra diance of Islamic perception.But unfortunately the western dominancy on our systems with great extent effaced our core Islamic values, beliefs and idea regarding business and trade. The dominancy of their 7 Saying and actions of the holy prophet Muhammad(sws) 102 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 organism has occupied a vital rule in all the major activities in our system and we are constrained to follow. We discuss it briefly. 2. 4 Different isms of secularism and the west approachWest people have the habit of labeling every fruitful growth in the world to themselves. They think that they are playing a major role in the development of the world, about the rules regulation, regarding business and trade, human rights, justice, social and economic development, for example they says that the human right concept was first emerge in Britain, which was drawn up six hundred years af ter form the advent of Islam, (syed abul A’ala Mawdodi,) Lack of curiosity of our young generation is also due to the different isms which have gotten different shapes in the west.For rememorizing the lesson of Islamic ideas to our young generation require a sound and complete set of Islamic core values so It can be hoped to restand or rebuilt the mind of our young people to follow the instruction and set of laws of Islam not only in their daily and routine dealings but also in their entire life.May be there are not many people who have affected from the western sciences and arts but many secular isms which they have presented in shape of agnosticism, or atheism, logical empiricism, realism, atomism, logical positivism, existentialism, evolutionism, naturalism, empiricism, phonomenalism8, pragmatism9, behaviorism and humanism etc with great extent have embedded in present political, traditional, sciences and arts and social sciences and perceptibly these isms are lacking peop le from Islamic faiths and believes.So the reason is that we are for away from Islamic philosophy and need to know form Islamic perspective each and every subject. (Ahmad Hussain Kamal, 2002). Our whole education system is based on western thoughts; the institutions in which you people are studying are the remnants of the west, so how it can be hoped from the young generation to survive in such situation† (syed abul A’ala Mawdodi, 1966) 2. 5Effect of secular thoughts on modern studies 8 The doctrine that human knowledge is confined to or founded on the realities or appearances presented to the senses. 9 An approach that assesses the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application. 103 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990The foundation of all modern studies have been laid down on secular thoughts, for example if we talk about medical, engineering, geology, sociology, business trade and commerce etc we are compelled to follow that thoughts which have been emerged in our life, consequently we have kept faraway from Islamic approach to study all these modern sciences. These secular thoughts are clearly moving in our bloods and causing less keenness to Islamic jurisprudence. (Dr. Ahmad Hussain , 2002). 2. 6 Theories of the secular thinkers and philosophersNiccolo Machiavelli and martin Luther two rebel minded philosophers with great extent has damage the mind of the people, similarly sir Thomas more social philosopher, with his book â€Å"utopia†, Tommaso Companella Italian philosopher and theologian, in his book â€Å"city of the sun†, with the advent of eighteen century two more rebel minded philosopher appeared, Renato Russo and Voltaire, Renato Russo published his first article in 1750 and second one in 1753 in the name of â€Å" the beginning of inequality in humans† Russo wro te his third book on the name of â€Å" social contract† in 1763.Russo was the rebel minded philosopher who was completely changed the mind of the people. Karl Marx and Angels, the founder of socialism, bolshevism, Marxism, and communism, the Britain Bradley, Green, Boozing, and Hume, German Immanuel Kant, Goethe, Friedrich Hegel, all of these were affected from thoughts and ideas of Russo. From Russo thoughts and ideas most of philosophers have presented their theories and ideas. The thoughts and ideas of Russo were rebel one, and with great extent that ideas and thoughts dented the mind of other people, and the effect of which we can see on Muslims society and traditions.The ideas of different thinkers grown, and the time came when the concept of mercantilism, capitalism and socialism born. He was the Adam smith who presented the theory of capitalism in his book â€Å"wealth of nation. † Two hundred year old concept of mercantilism which grew in 16th century, and spr ead in wide areas of sub-continents, America, south Africa and south Asia and the remote parts of the Indonesia and Australia which had effected the economic and social system now become changed in capitalism.Obviously these secular systems had drowned people into marsh. And the Adam smith just not stopped but he introduced a new theory of â€Å"freetraddism† and soon the world whole system of business dealing such as, agriculture, industry, and mineral productions came under this theory and system. Then we see john Keynes theory of saving and investing his theory was also created confusion, and wrote down a book â€Å"the general theory of employment, interest and money† in which he presented a new theory regarding economics in 1936. fter that we see a new step in the mid of 19th century which was taken by Karl Marx, by written a detailed and well grounded book in the name of â€Å"Capital† which paved the way to socialism. ( Kamal Hussain, 2002). 2. 7 104 Impa cts of secular views www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990Now the nations who’s societies are built on the basis of these secular thoughts and views, the element of poison must exist there they will considered those things utilitarian for their business and trade, for their economy and society which Islam have prohibited for example, they will not discriminate between legitimate and unlawful resources on acquiring property, they will induce people towards interest, saving, making unfair earning, bribery, theft, hocus-pocus and fraud, making funds, less inclination to alms, free use of wine, alcohol, intoxicant, gambling, flesh of swine, dead animal etc. hey western people just makes rules, plans for business ethics and they implement those which are useful for them. ( Abul A’ala Mawdodi, 1959) The most important thing which western theologians have permitted to use in business dealing is interest. But Islam says it is prohibited either it is in any shape or kinds the receiving and giving of Riba (interest) is unlawful dealing and the money which the person earn form it is haram10. About the origin of interest it is commonly said that it is created from those secular theories which have presented by different western philosophers in different age and time.The wealthier people considered it a easily source for making surplus money, to get the surplus money secured these wealthier people made a search for persons who could guarantee safe return of money as and when called. (Dr. Habib-ur-Rehaman, 2003) 2. 8 What Islam says about business ethics Now our core discussion on business ethics its perception in Islam, in first pages we have tried to show that what west thinks about business ethics, they says it is business morality and morality increase the profit of business concern irrespective of considering lawful and unlawful activities or dealings. We have to see first what Islam is. 2. 8. 1 Meaning of Islam The world Islam is Arabic world and its origin from SLM11 (silm) means submission, surrender, obedience, to yield, or to give one’s self up. Thus Aslama alone means â€Å"he committed himself to the will of God† salm means peace. And silm which also means â€Å"the religion of Islam. † 10 Illegitimate, unlawful 11 Islam 105 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990Islam in law basically of two kinds a) a simple confession with the tongue b) the other that along with confession, there is belief in the heart and fulfillment in practice, and resignation to God. The other meaning of Islam is peace, if one submission and obedience to Allah, that one can achieve real peace of body and of mind and which bring a real peace to society at large. (Khurshid Ahmad, 1999). In one Hadith in which the Prophet (SWS) rep ly on the asking of Jibrael (Gabriel (AS) narrated by Abu Hurairah, Jibrael asked, what is Islam?Allah Messenger (sws) replied, â€Å"To worship Allah alone and none else, to perform prayer (As-Salat), to give Zakat and to observe Saum (fast) during the month of Ramadan† (M. Taqi-ud-DinAl-Hilali, 1998) So Islam is the religion of Muslims. As in the holy Quran Allah says â€Å"This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favor upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as religion† (surah 5, part 6, verse no 3). Now if some one seeks another religion for himself, so Allah says â€Å"And whoever seeks a religion other than Islam.It will never be accepted of him, and in the Hereafter he will be the on e of the losers†. (Surah 3, part 3, verse no 85. ) Quran says â€Å"O you believe enter perfectly into Islam and follow not the footsteps of Satan† (s2, p2 v208) The holy prophet said â€Å"Ad- Din (Islam) is the name of sincerity and will-wishi ng†. (Muslim). We can also study from the holy Quran to know what is exact meaning of Islam for this purpose these verses shows what islam is? S, 20, p16, verses, 13 to16. S 21, p1, v24.S, no 3 v no 19, s no 3 v no 85, s, no 4 v 89, s no 6 v 125, s no 12 v 101, s no 39 v 22, s no 61 v 7,s no 66 v 5. The study of tafsir of Abul A’ala Mawdodi â€Å"tafhim-ul-quran 3rd† and Tafsir of Syed Qutab Shaheed â€Å"fe zalalil quran†12 may be fruitful to fully understand the concept of Islam 2. 8. 2 Need of the prophets (messengers) To every nations Allah sent Messengers to invite them to the right path and to the worship of Allah alone, bring them out from the darkness of polytheism into the light of monotheism. All the prophets sermonized about monotheism (Tauhid) i. e. belief in the oneness of Allah.In several places in Nobel Quran tell us about this fact, Noah(Nuh) sent to his people, Hud sent to his people Ad, Salih sent to his people Thamud, Shu’aib sent to his people Madyan, Lut(lot) sent to his people Sodom, and Muhammad(sws) sent to his nation and for all mankind and jinn. The purpose of sending all these prophets to people is just to preach about Tauhid, to 12 Commentary of the holy book Quran 106 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 worship Allah and none has the right to be worshipped but Allah.And to worship Allah means to obey Him and to do all that things which He has ordained, and to abstain from all those things which He has forbidden. But the place of Prophet Muhammad (May peace be upon him) among the entire prophet is different, because Muhammad (May peace be upon him) sent for all mankind and jinn. As in noble Quran Allah says â€Å"say O Muhammad (sws): O mankind: verily, I am sent to you all as messenger of Allah† (surah no 7, verse, 158) and in another place Allah says â€Å"And whatsoever the Messenger (Muhammad (sws) gives you, take it and whatsoever he forbids you, abstain from it. (Surah no 59, verse no 7) And also Allah says â€Å"Say (O Muhammad (sws) to mankind) ‘if you love Allah then follow me (accept Islamic monotheism, follow the Quran and Sunnah (legal ways of the prophet (sws), Allah will love you and forgive you of your sins. †(S. no, 3, v, no 31). (M. Muhsim khan, . M. T. Al-Hilali, 1999). Narrated by Abdullah Ben Amr ben Al-As, the prophet Muhammad (sws) said: Allah did not send a prophet but gratified him to lead his people to the best way which is known to him, and warn and abstain them against the worst which is known to him. (Shaikh Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz, 1999).Now we have seen from the above what Islam is and why Allah sent Messengers, if we give more Verses and Ahadith our subject will require more time and space which we can not continue here. Now here we shall see what the business ethics concept in Islam what are those business moral ity which Islam permits and which prohibits. 2. 8. 3 Business ethics in Islam The most emphasis which is given in Islam on the ethical character of some one, if we study the holy Quran and Ahadith, we shall find a discernible verses and the saying of the holy prophet Muhammad (sws) on ethical norms and moral codes.Islam emphasized to follow these ethical norms not only in personal and family life but also to follow in business dealings and transactions. Islam is a complete way of life. It provides guidance for all activities either these are individual, social, material and moral, legal and cultural, economic and political and national or international. Islam invites the man to enter the fold of Islam without any vacillation and to follow Allah guidance in all fields of life. (Khurshid Ahmad, 1999) The Quran verses and teaching of prophet tell us about the wide range of ethical norms to be followed i. . in our social contract, contract with family, in equality of the sexes, contract with individual, dealings regarding neighbors, friend, relatives, in business transactions, public 107 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 and private life, chastity of women, security of the life and property, justice, protection of honor, ethics with non-combatants, combatants, sanctity of the property, dead body, and rules regarding the declaration of war. (Abul A’ala Mawdodi, 1999).In one hadith in which prophet Muhammad (sws) says â€Å"I have been sent for the purpose of good morals† In the noble Quran Allah says† ye have indeed in the messenger of Allah an excellent exemplar† (surah no 33, verse no 21. ) â€Å"The holy prophet said â€Å"the best among you is one whose character is best† (agreed). The holy prophet said â€Å"A person devoid of kindness is devoid of any good† (Muslim). Holy Prophet said, A time will come upon peop le when they will not differentiate what they earned is legitimate or unlawful† (Bukhari, 1941. ) In another place the tradition of Prophet (P. B. O. H) states, â€Å"To say a good word is just a charity† (agreed).And said â€Å"Every good deed is charity† (Bukhari) The prophet (SAWS) said â€Å"he who deceives is not of us† other place the prophet said â€Å"the honest merchant will be rewarded on the day of judgment with prophets, pious people and martyrs† (Tirmidhi, 1130. ) Honesty in business not mean that the seller always swear by the name of Allah for his transaction if he does so he doing wrong (Ahmad 14982) The prophet reported to have said â€Å"one who has no pros of trust he does not faith and one who he does not fulfill his promise he has no Din (religion). (Tafhimul-Quran, 1994)13 â€Å"He who deceives us is not of us† (Muslim). Be expeditious in doing goods. †(Muslim). † †(Mulana Sardar Ali khan, 2004). In sh ort Islam is given too much importance on morality and ethics. 13 Commentary of the Holy book Quran. 108 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 3. Ideology14 of Islamic business ethics Here we shall discuss shortly about those beliefs and philosophy which Islam authorizes in business dealing and which comes under the scope of business ethics. 1. Trust 2. Legitimate resources on acquiring property. 3. Order to expenditure 4.Zakat 5. Parsimony (thriftiness) or economic order. 6. Lawful earning 7. Honesty in business dealings. 8. Bounty and humanity in business contacts. 9. Satisfying all business obligations. 10. Reasonable handling of staff. 11. Mutual esteem. 12. Clear business transactions. 13. Purchasing, and buying justly. 3. 1 Trust Trust should be the first belief for every Muslim, because the faith on Tuhaid (monotheism) is the basic steps for all dealings and actions. There are three aspects of Islamic monotheism. Oneness of the lordship of Allah, to believe that there is no Lord except Almighty Allah, He is alone the reator, sustainer, planner of the universe and all that exist. Oneness of the worship of Allah, to believe that none has the right to be worshiped but Alone Allah. Oneness of the names and qualities of Allah, we must not qualify Allah except With what He or His Messenger has named or qualify him† (M. Muhsim khan, M. T. Al-Hilali, 1999). Allah says in the noble Quran â€Å"And subjected to you all that is in the heavens and all that is in the earth, it is all as a favor and kindness from Him. Verily, in it are signs for a people who think deeply† (surah 45, part 25, verse no, 13. â€Å"Such is Allah, your lord, none has the right to be worshiped but He, the Creator of all things, so worship Him(Alone), and He is the Trustee, disposer, of affairs, Guardian over all things,†( 14 Basic principles for business ethics in Is lam 109 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 surah 6, part,7, verse no 102. ) and other place Allah the Almighty says â€Å" Verily We have sent down the Book o you ( O Muhammad(sws) in truth: so worship Allah( Alone) by doing religious deeds sincerely for Allah’s sake only. (Surah 39, part 23, verse no 02. ) Similarly in several other places in the noble Quran we can see about the lesson of monotheism such as in surah no 01, verse no 05, part 01, surah no 02,part no 01, verse no 138, surah no 03,part 03, verse no 30,surah no 07, part 07, verse no 29, surah no 13,part 13, verse no36, surah no 16,part 14, verse no 120, surah no 22, part 17, verse no 31, surah no 24, part no18, verse no 55, surah no 29, part 20, verse no 17, surah no 30, part no 21, verse no 28, surah no 40, part no 24, verse no 14. 3. 2Legitimate resources on acquiring property The second main thing which Islam allow to his followers is rightful source of wealth and property, if some one earning so they must discriminate between lawful and unlawful source of income, this discrimination is based on such criteria that if one person earning and the other person suffering loss so Islam does not permit such kind of earning and transaction, Islam only allow those transaction in which both the parties have the benefit and their free consent. Because Islam wants impartiality between dealings. Mawdodi, 1974) As Allah Almighty says in His noble Quran â€Å"O you believe, Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it be a trade amongst you, by mutual consent, and do not kill yourselves,. Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you. † (Surah 04, part 05, verse no, 29. ) â€Å"And whoever commits that through aggression and injustice, we shall cast him into the fire, and that is easy for Allah. †(Surah 04, part 05, verse no, 30. ) â€Å"And in their properties there was t he right of the beggar who asks and the poor who does not ask others† (surah 51, part 26, verse no 19. Similarly on other places on the noble Quran we can study about the property such as, surah 2, p. 2, v. 188, surah 3,p. 4,v. 186, surah no 4, p. 4 v. 5 and 7, surah no,59,p. 28,v. 7and9, surah no 70,p. 29,v. 25. 3. 3 Order to expenditure The basic teaching of Islam tells us about spending and not collection of money, but here the purpose of spending is not that a man must spent on his or her luxury and spam works but the main point is when a person saved more than from his needs so then it is obligatory to spent that excess amount or money on the way of Allah (sake of).So Islamic concept here is totally different than other secular concepts, here Islam says if one spend for the sake of Allah, his wealth increase, and there will be blessing on his property and wealth and Allah will give 110 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and So cial Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 him recompense. We can find a several verses in the Holy Quran in which Allah ordained to spend for His sake and He will requite for. Allah says in the Quran â€Å"And they ask you about what they ought to spend.Say: â€Å"that which is beyond your needs. † (Surah 2, p2, v 219. ) â€Å"Satan threatens you with poverty and orders you to commit Fahsha (evil deeds); whereas Allah promises you forgiveness from Himself and Bounty, and Allah is All Sufficient for His creatures needs, All Knower. †(Surah 2, p2, v 268. ) â€Å"And whatever you spend in good, it will be repaid to you in full, and you shall not be wronged. † (Surah 2, p2, v 272. ) â€Å"Allah will destroy Riba (interest) and will give increase for Sadaqat (charity, alms), and Allah likes not the disbeliever, sinners. (Surah 2, p2, v 276. ) Similarly in surah no 02, p2 v. 280, surah no 02, p2 v. 264, 265, surah no 02, p2 v. 271, surah no 02, p2 v. 2 67, surah no 02, p2 v. 264, surah no 30, p21 v. 39, surah no 35, p22 v. 29, 30, surah no 51, p2 6v. 19, surah no 04, p05 v. 36. Quran also teaches us about to spend for the sake of Allah. 3. 4 Zakat: Islam prohibits earning only for self and not caring the poor people in the society. Islam prevents the concentration of wealth in few hands but ensures the distribution among the poor people in a prescribed rate.Zakat15 will be collected from all those who are involved or engaged any productive business activity or having excess money or holding assets for a period of not less than one year. Islam ensures the best of social security and bring Cooperation with the rest of the community members. (Habib Ur ehman, 2003. ) Because zakat purifies the wealth and bring prosperity in a state and efface the concept of socialism and capitalism in which wealth comes under the control of one hand.In various places in the noble Quran Allah Almighty says â€Å"take Saddaqa from their wealth in order to purify them† (surah 09, verse no 103, part no 10). And other place Allah says â€Å" As – Sadaqat are only for poor Al Masakin, and those employed to collect and to attract the hearts of those who have been inclined, and to free the captives, and for those in debt, and for Allah’s cause. (Surah 09, verse no 60 part no 10). In surah Baqara Almighty orders â€Å"Establish worship and pay the poor due (give zakat), (verse no 43. â€Å"Perform As-Salat and give zakat (poor due) and that is the 15 A contribution from wealth in the way of Allah. 111 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 right religion. †(Surah 98, verse no 05, part no 30. ) We can also find several verses in the Holy Quran in which Allah have cleared about the ZAKAT, for example we can see the following verses in the noble book.In surah no 73, part no 29, verse no 20, surah no 58 , part no 28 , verse no 13 , surah no 41 , part no 24 , verse no 07 , surah no 33, part no 22, verse no 33 , surah no 31 , part no 21, verse no 04 , surah no 27, part no 19 verse no03,no surah no 24 , part no 18 , verse no 37 , surah no 23 , part no 18 verse no 04, surah no 22 , part no 17, verse no 41, surah no 21 , part no 17 verse no 72 , surah no 19 , part no 16 verse no 31, surah no 09 , part no 10 verse no 05 , surah no 05 , part no 06 verse no 12, surah no 04, part no 05 verse no 77, surah no 02 , part no 01 verse no 43. The main object of zakat and charity is to help those people who do not beg of people at all. In one hadith narrated by Abu Hurairah: the prophet said seven people will be shaded by Allah under shade on the day of resurrection among them one will be he who practices Charity so secretly that his left hand does not know what his right hand has given†. (M. Muhsim khan, M. T. Al-Hilali, 1999). 3. 5 Parsimony (thriftiness) or economic order Islam also prohibits Mu slim from spending spam and not like a prodigal person. Islam orders to every Muslim to spend according to their needs and they must keep up the concept of parsimony.Those who are extravagant, spendthrifts and niggard persons are not like in Islam. This lesson of Islam tell us about if one person who having sufficient money and spending more than form his need may be a chance to becomes poor and nor permits any person who do act of niggardly or become a meager and do not spend to fulfill his needs but like those who go between these two way. Islam has also closed all the doors of extravagance and made clear rules and regulation for all the things which breaks down the equal distribution of wealth.Islam proscribes all those activities which brings and creates spiritual and moral problems. Allah Almighty says in his book â€Å"And those who, when they spend, are neither extravagant nor niggardly but hold a medium (way) between those. † (Surah no 25, part no 19, verse no 67. ) I n other place Allah says â€Å"verily, the spendthrifts are brothers of the Shayatin (devils) and the Satan is ever ungrateful to his Lord†. ( surah no 17, part no 15 verse no 27. ) so we can find several other interpretations of Fiege in different verses of the Holy Quran.Such as Surah no 07, part no 08, verse no 31, Surah no 17 , part no 15 , verse no 26 and 27, Surah no25 , part no 19 , verse no 67 , Surah no 04 , part no 04 verse no 06 , Surah no 06 , part no 08 , verse no 141. 3. 6 Lawful earnings Islam emphasis on legitimate and Halal earning. There is no compliance in Islam for those business men who conduct their business dealings through unlawful and unligitemate 112 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 means and earns profit.Islam permits only for legitimate business as Quran tells us, â€Å"O you who believe: Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it may be trade among you by mutual consent† (part no 5, surah no 4 verse no 29. ) In surah Al-Baqarah ALLAH says â€Å"These are they who have purchased error for guidance, so their commerce was profitless. And they were not guided†(S. 2,P. 1,V. 16. ) we can also study Ahadith in which Prophet has clearly mentioned the importance of legitimate earning, one day some one asked from Holy Prophet about best sort of gains, Prophet said, a gain which a man work with his hands, and all legitimate activities. Ahmad, 1576. ) Every Muslim business men should aware from all lawful means of business and dealings. Because once Holy Prophet said, A time will come upon people when they will not differentiate what they earned is legitimate or unlawful† (Bukhari, 1941. ) Islam forbids tyrannical dealing such as Riba (interest) and condemns it, Holy Quran says â€Å"Allah has permitted trading and forbidden Riba† (s. 2 p. 3 v. 275. ) the prophet said â€Å"may Allah send down His curse all the persons who uses, pays, witnesses and write down the Riba† (Ahmad. 24), Almighty ALLAH says, â€Å"eat up not one another’s property unjustly (stealing, robbing, deceiving etc. ) and nor give bribery to the rulers† (s. 2. p, 2 v. 188. ) so we can see from the above verses and Hadith that how Islam strictly forbids unlawful dealings and business. 3. 7 Honesty in business dealings Honesty in business dealing is also move up in Islam. There should be clear dealing between seller and buyer. If seller sells his goods or things on fake basis then he will be guilty for that. Islam condemns all fraudulent business dealings.The prophet (SAWS) in several Ahadith also prohibited his followers from doing such practices. The seller and buyer must be honest in dealings there would be no other motive which make a transaction fraudulent and in which both become guilty. Allah almighty says in His book â€Å"woe to those who give less in measure and w eight (ALMutaffifin). Those who, when they have to receive by measure from men, demand full measure. And when they have to give by measure to other men give less than due. Do they not think that they will be resurrected, on a great day† (s no, 83. p no, 30. 1-6. ) In surah Nisa verse no 29, Quran says† o you believe, eat not up your property among yourselves dishonestly except it be trade amongst you, by mutual consent†. The prophet (SAWS) said â€Å"he who deceives is not of us† other place the prophet said â€Å"the honest merchant will be rewarded on the day of judgment with prophets, pious people and martyrs† (Tirmidhi, 1130. ) Honesty in business not mean that the seller always swear by the name of Allah for his transaction if he does so he doing wrong (Ahmad 14982). so we can find a lot to verses and Ahadith of the prophet.Some of the verses of the holy Quran may also emphasis on honesty such as. S. n0 02, 113 www. hrmars. com/journals Internati onal Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 p. 01 verse no 42, s. no 03, p 03, verse no71, s. 103, p, 30, v03, s, 33, p21, v, 08,s,04,p,05,v,107. ,s, 08,p,09,v2, . ,s, 08,p,10,v58, s,22,p1,v38. 3. 8 Bounty and humanity in business contacts Islam emphasis that one should be soft and flexible in business transaction. The dealing between buyer and seller should be on humanity basis.Both the parties either they will creditors or debtors should free to demand his money back. Islam is strictly prohibited from hard words and harsh language in business dealing. The Allah messenger said â€Å"may mercy be on him who is soft and decent in his dealing with others† several verses from the holy Quran shows that hard words and language must not be used while dealing or talking with others Allah says in His book â€Å"And be moderate in your walking and lowering your voices†(s, 31 p, 21, v 19. ) the prophet said â€Å"g ive him the best thing the best amongst you† (Muslim 3002). 3. 9Satisfying (fulfilling) all business obligations Islam strictly emphasis on fulfilling all promise because in one Ahadith prophet has reported to said: one who not fulfills his promise is a trait of hypocrite† by fulfilling promise and contact is an important thing for traders because no one can be trustworthy if he is not fulfilling his deeds. In other place the prophet said â€Å"Muslims are bound by their stipulations† if we study the holy Quran we can find a several verses which tell us about fulfilling promises surah 5 Allah Almighty says† O you who believe fulfill your obligations†( p. ,v1) we can also study about fulfilling of promise from the holy book such as in surah 53, part 27, v 37, s 68, part 29 v,39, s,21 p 17 v09, s 39 part 24 v 74, and s 48, part 26 v 10. All the things between the parties either seller or buyer must be cleared and fulfilled and not lead to any dispute and discrepancy. 3. 10 Reasonable treatment of staff. /workers Prophet (SAWS) said† the wages of the workers must be paid before the sweat dries upon his body† (Majah 2434).And other place said† I will be opponent to those persons on the day of resurrection who does not give him his due to a person who have finished work for him† Islam also teach us to give your brother as you self eat, drink as u self drink wear as u self wear and think as u self think for your self and family. This is the responsibility of the employer that he should provide all the basic things that is give him fair wages, provide him good working condition, and treat him ethically.This way Islam encourages and builds up the guts of love. 114 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 3. 11 Mutual respect/ esteem Give respect to others in business dealing is the dominant principle of Islam. Bus inesses that base on selfishly earning and producing and not caring the society are considered illegal. Islam also emphasis on mutual respect in dealings.In holy Quran Allah says â€Å"By no means shall you attain piety unless you spend of that which you love and whatever of goods you spend Allah knows it well† (s 3, p 4 v92) in several places in the holy Quran it is mentioned that Allah loves kindness and deal with people with kindness. In surah 03 verse no 119 and surah no 05 verse no 54 discussed about love with people. So kindness and mutual respect in business dealing is the leading principal of Islam. 3. 12 Clear business transaction and purchasing and selling justly Business an should be bound for clear business transaction. The buying and selling activities should be on mutual consent and not under coercion. Islam strictly prohibits such dealings in which both the parties are not clear. Even Quran tell us every Muslim business man if he is on dealing with other person so he must write down that agreement and must be cleared to both the parties. As the holy prophet is reported to have said â€Å"sale is not that which is done with out mutual consent sale is a sale which involve only mutual consent† (majah, 2176).Allah says in his book â€Å"O you who believe: Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly except it may be trade among you by mutual consent† (part no 5, surah no 4 verse no 29. ). â€Å"And whoever commits that through aggression and injustice, we shall cast him into the fire, and that is easy for Allah. †(Surah 04, part 05, verse no, 30. ). 4. Prohibit and illegal affairs in business transaction There are also some dealings in business which Islam considered unethical and illegal contacts and transactions. The seller must not adopt such matters which do not come under the scope of Islamic business ethics.These matters now days are very common in practice in business society. They may include. Earning from H aram (illegal activities) such as selling and buying of win, alcohol, drugs. i) ii) iii) iv) 115 Doing fraud in business dealings, Often swearing by seller for selling his products, or Showing things which are not in reality, window dressing of the products, etc. and those transactions in which parties make promise and not make it to fulfill. Hoarding to make high profit, speculative activities, and www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. , No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) xii) xiii) Interest in which Quran strictly forbidden. Fixation of prices, Flesh of the Haram animals, Weapon which cause human destructions, Intoxicants, flesh of pig, Storing of foodstuff for future time and then sell out with the expectation to earn some profit, Fraudulent business practices for selling the products in market, Black marketing, dealings in bad condition goods and stolen goods, cheating in business dea lings, giving short measures Transactions which involve uncertainty. . Recommendation Now what is important to do especially by Muslim as well as by non-Muslim, we have exposed briefly the basic of business ethics in previous pages. Allah says â€Å"This day, I have perfected your religion for you, completed my favor upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as religion† (surah 5, part 6, verse no 3). This religion (Islam) the old name is Din, not new. It is almost 4000 years old name which was the Din (religion) of Harat Ibrahim (A.S) who was the spiritual leader and 3/4th of the world accept the power of spiritual seniority, not only Muslims but also Jews, Christians, pagans, Zoroastrian, were agreed on his spiritual supremacy. ( Tafhimul-quran 1994) and Allah says in His book â€Å" He has chosen you and has not laid upon you in religion any hardship: it is the religion of your father Ibrahim( Abraham). It is He (Allah) who has named you Muslim both before and in this Quran † (surah 22, part 17, verse 78).Now if it is cleared that Islam not a new religion it is old one and the religion of Ibrahim. So then no doubt that Muslim and non- Muslim both should follow the rules of this religion which is Islam in their lives either these are social activities, religious activities or business dealings or worship now they are bound to follow Islamic monotheism. In the Holy Quran Allah says â€Å"he commands them for Islamic monotheism and all that Islam ordained, and forbids them form all disbelief, polytheism of all kinds that Islam has forbidden.He allows them lawful things i. e. Goods, foods deeds, and beliefs and prohibits them as unlawful things i. e. deeds, beliefs, dealings. †(Surah, 7 parts 9 verse 157). Generally for every Muslim business man we suggest these following dominant points to remember and adopt. ? Both seller and buyer must accept the supremacy of Almighty Allah, they should accept HIS sovereignty, love Him and follow whatever H E order and abstain from, in all dealings if its relate business dealing or any other moral conduct in social life www. rmars. com/journals 116 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 ? Business dealing should be pure, the trader must be cleared with other party, especially the seller in dealings must out all the things clear, he should be honest and when promised then must fulfill. Dealings should be faired not fake. Softness must be kept in mind by traders or sellers while dealings, because gentleness is the basic thing for all dealings.Do not make the basis of dealings on bribery or corruption, interest, fraud, lie, etc The seller and buyer should also put aside their dealings from all illegitimate sources such as, gambling, black marketing, speculation, stock reserve or hoarding of food, fixation of pricing and all illicit items from which Islam is prohibited. ? ? ? 5. Conclusion In today modern busines s world business ethics have their own dominant role in business society. We accept that the secular business morality is utilitarian and supposed to be relative and may give benefit to the society nd both to seller and buyer as well, but the Islamic perception on business ethics not only useful and relative but also base on humanity and work for long time. Muslims especially adopt those practices which benefit to mankind and review all the business activities which are unlawful and also harm for society and for his/her own organization. This way we can say the business world will be prosperous and will survive for long time. 117 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 7.References Dr. Ahmad Hussain Kamal, (2002). Nizam-e-Ma’Ishyat Aur Islam, (Muslim economic system) Urdu version, 1st edition, Taib Publishers Lahore Pakistan. P. 6-10 Dr. Habib-ur-Rehman, (2003). Islamic Fina ncial Instruments, 1st edition, Publisher Sardar khan welfare trust, Peshawar Cantt Pakistan. Dr. Mohammad Shafi (2000). Business and commerce in the Quran, First written for Dar al Islam Teachers’ Institute Alumni News Letter, spring. Dr. Muhammad Din, (2003). Islami Nizami Hayat, 1st edition, Urdu version, Publisher Taj Kutab Khana Peshawar Pakistan. Dr. Sabahuddin Azmi, (2010).An Islamic Approach to Business Ethics, Lecturer, College of Islamic Banking, World Al-Lootah University, Dubai. Dr. Anwar Iqbal Qurishi, (1946). Islam and the theory of Interest, Sheikh M. Ashraf Lahore. Dr. M. Najatullah Sadiqi,(1981). Ghair Sood Bankari, 4th edition, Islamic Publications E. Shah Alam market Lahore Pakistan. Dr. Muhammad Muhsim khan, Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din. Al-Hilali, (1999). The Nobel Quran, English Translation of the meanings and commentary, Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Da’wa and Guidance King Fahad complex Madinah Munawwarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Ibn-e-ka thir. 2008. Tafsir Ibn-e- kathir, edition 3rd. Joseph W. Weiss (2008). Business ethics: A stakeholders and issue management approach. Edition 5th, South-Western College Publication. Khurshid Ahmad, (1999). Family Life in Islam, 2nd edition, Publication section Da’wa Academy International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan. Khurshid Ahmad, (1999). Islam Basic Principles and Characteristics, 2nd edition, Publication section Da’wa Academy International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan. 118 www. hrmars. com/journalsInternational Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 M. Tufail and M. Irfan, (2009). Business ethics: Myth and Current Approaches, Abasyn university journal of social sciences, Volume 2, No 1. M. Fazlurehman,(1967). Tejarati Sood, department of Islamic study Muslim university Aligarh. Moulana Sardar Ali Khan, (2004). Forty Hadith Studies, 2nd edition, (English version), Publisher Hira printi ng press, Muhala Jangy Peshawar Pakistan. Moulana Shafi Muhammad. (1960).Masla-e- Sood, Publisher Edara-e- Ma’arif-e- Karachi. O. C. Ferrell. (2006). Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making & Cases, 7th edition, SouthWestern College Publication. Richard T. De George, History of Business ethics, Markkula Center for Applied Ethics Santa Clara University Zahid, (2011). Search Quran, retrieved www. Honestzahid. blog. com Sheikh Abdul Aziz bin Abdullah bin Baz, (1999). Indispensable Implication of Sunna and Caution against Innovation, 1st edition, Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Da’wa and Guidance Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Syed Abul A’ala Mawdoodi (1953). Islam’s moral perspective 5th edition, Islamic Publications E. Shah Alam market Lahore Pakistan. Syed Abul A’ala Mawdoodi, (1959). Islam and the modern economic theories, 7th edition (Urdu version), Islamic publications Lahore Pakistan. Syed Abul A’ala Mawdoodi, (1991). Islam and the Ignorant, 25th edition, (Urdu version), Islamic Publications E. Shah Alam market Lahore Pakistan. Syed Abul A’ala Mawdoodi, (1994) Tafheem-ul-Quran, Irfan afzal printing press Lahore. Syed Abul A’ala Mawdoodi, (1998). Human Rights in Islam, 2nd dition, Publication section Da’wa Academy International Islamic University Islamabad Pakistan. Syed Abul A’ala Mawdoodi, (2000). INTEREST, 23rd edition, (Urdu version), Islamic Publications E. Shah Alam market Lahore Pakistan. 119 www. hrmars. com/journals International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2012, Vol. 2, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 William Lillie, (1971). An introduction to ethics, 3rd edition, printed and bound by The Chaucer Press Ltd, Bungay, and Suffolk. P,2-4 120 www. hrmars. com/journals

Factors Affecting Sporting Performance

Several factors affect our sporting performances, some of which are ‘natural' factors, and some of which we cause. An example of a natural factor is our gender. We do not choose to be male or female and therefore it is something that occurs naturally. An example of a factor caused by ourselves is our diet- what we eat and drink. We can decide what we want to eat be it healthy or not healthy, the decision is ours. Age is a natural factor affecting performance. When you are very young, your bones and muscles are still growing and because your bones are still growing they are a lot softer than a fully-grown adults are. This helps young children to be very flexible and very supple, which in turn affects their performance. But being fully-grown in some sports is better than young and supple. Because adults are fully-grown, they are a lot stronger than a child is. All the muscles are developed properly and so in a sport such as cycling it would be an advantage to be a fully-grown adult than a developing child, whereas in gymnastics it would be an advantage to be very supple because of the certain exercises involved. Our gender affects our performance a great deal. A mans frame is generally wider and taller than a woman's is. Women after they reach puberty develop wider hips which hinders their running ability, whereas a man develops larger muscles due to the increased level of testosterone in their bodies. Women generally have muscles smaller than a mans, so men have a head start already in any power sports such as weightlifting or sprinting which require a lot of physical strength. The size of your internal organs affects performance, in that if you have for example larger than average lungs, you can inhale an awful lot of air which contains oxygen, and so more oxygen can be sent to the muscles to keep them going for longer. Similarly if you have a healthy heart, it can pump the blood to your muscles quicker. And contained in the red blood cells is the oxygen that your muscles need to keep working. Having a healthy heart and large lungs can be a great advantage in an endurance sports event such as rowing or cross-country running. The use of drugs, banned substances, cigarettes and alcohol all effect the way in which we perform in sports. Drugs affect our performance in a positive way. They make us more alert, bulk up muscles and improve strength, increase speed and stamina, and get lots of oxygen to our muscles. Apart from cheating by taking drugs, they ruin our internal organs such as the liver and kidneys. In some cases drugs ruin your fertility because of the effect they have on the body. Cigarettes affect the way the heart and lungs work. The lung capacity of a smoker is considerably less than a non-smoker. Because the lung capacity is less than normal, this means that less oxygen enters the body and less oxygen goes into the red blood cells which are supposed to take oxygen to the muscles. Because of the lack of oxygen in the muscles, they can't work as well as usual. And if the muscles aren't working properly you can't play any sport well. Alcohol slows down reaction time and de-hydrates the body. If your reactions are slowed down in a fast game such as squash, it is likely that you will lose because you have to be alert at all times and if alcohol is present in the body, your performance will be affected. Your diet is very important if you want to stay fit and healthy. If a professional athlete changed their diet to one with sweet and fatty foods it would affect their performance, because too much sugar and fat in the body is unhealthy and it makes you gain extra weight to carry around when you are in action. If the diet you currently have has too many bad things in it, it can start to strain your heart. If you have a very well balanced diet, which is full of fresh fruit and vegetables it keeps your body healthy and full of energy. Also, if your diet lacks a certain amount of sugar, you can have low energy levels which makes your body work slower and not up to speed. It is good to take certain vitamin supplements to make sure that your body is totally up to scratch and eating plenty of foods with iron and different minerals. Illness is quite a major factor in your sporting performance. If you have just started to recover from flu or a bad virus, your body will be very weak from fighting off the virus because lots of your energy is taken up by getting better, so if you went down to a football pitch and tried to play 90 minutes of football the chances are that your performance will be very poor because your muscles will be tired, you won't be very alert and you will be fatigued and lethargic. An athlete who is clear from illness is far more likely to give a very good performance because they are fully fit, alert, and not tired. The environment makes a difference in most outdoor sports. Athletes who train at high altitude have an advantage, because there is a higher level of oxygen in the air and so more oxygen gets into the blood and to the muscles so they can keep going for longer in for example a marathon run or rowing. A high level of pollution in the air also means that there is difference in oxygen level, but instead of being higher like in high altitude, it is lower due to the impurities in the air. If there is less oxygen, less can be brought into the body, and so the muscles don't receive the necessary oxygen, so they can't work as well. The weather also makes a difference in performance outdoors. During a sprint race, if there is a wind blowing towards the athletes, it will be harder for them to run at a world record pace, because they have to work harder to run into an opposing force. Heat affects sprinters as well, if it is too cold, their muscles sometimes are not warm enough, so they could get injured or pull a muscle. If it is warm or even hot when they are running, their bodies and muscles will already be warm and ready to go, so when they are running, their muscles will be working at their best. Your lifestyle is a very important to keeping fit and healthy. A good active lifestyle will result in a healthy body. If you do plenty of exercise and eat healthily you can train for a sport easier, and your body has already set the foundations to keeping fit and keeping up with training. If you get little exercise and stay indoors most of the day, your body will be used to not doing anything too energetic, so if you suddenly go out and do an intense training session the chances are that your body will not be able to cope.

To what extent does wealth equate with happiness Essay

To what extent does wealth equate with happiness - Essay Example This was considered after recognizing that personal happiness has not increased in the Western countries regardless of the growth experienced in economic wealth (Penec, 2008:18). Brandon Keim noticed the same trend in China, where the Chinese have not achieved any life satisfaction from the two decades of speedy economic growth. The wealthy people are a bit happier than before, the middle class have not had any changes while life satisfaction for the poor has decreased sharply. This indicates flaws in the conventional system used to examine life satisfaction and happiness. Keim refers to a research conducted by Easterlin, an economist, who discovered that money only created happiness to a certain degree after which, people returned to the usual. Easterlin concluded that money could not buy happiness because after some crucial needs are met, life satisfaction begins to decline with increasing income. Of course, many theorists disapproved this theory (Keim, 2012). Domestic product incr eased by four times but surveys conducted in China showed a decrease in personal satisfaction. Could Easternlin’s theory or paradox be right after all? The wealth in China seems to be concentrated among the few wealthiest people, therefore, the surveys could have indicated just how much the Chinese people resent inequality. However, Penec’s article shows that money increases individual happiness but when the entire society becomes wealthy, people do not feel prosperous. People feel happy after they achieve a certain financial status but they get used to it and take it for granted. Other factors also play a role in an individual’s happiness, for example, type of job, stress levels, and environment factors (Penec, 2008:18). An article on The Economist, a weekly newspaper, analysed the situation in China indicating gain that the Chinese masses are not happy with their situation. In ancient China, Chinese leaders ruled by ensuring that their subjects were happy. Thi s is not the case with the country experiencing over five hundred protests every day. This shows that the people are not happy despite the immense economic success that China enjoys today. The main problem is the gap created between the wealthy and the poor, which has resulted to inequality among Chinese citizens where the poor are in a struggling situation while the wealthy decide on the country’s economy. The article tries to show that the people’s happiness does not depend entirely on a rapid economic growth but relies on proper distribution of a country’s expanding wealth (The Economist, 2012). Tim Weber, an editor, claims that there is a research that shows that money makes people happier. The only problem is that economists are finding it hard to describe happiness, therefore, making it hard to measure it. Weber notes that a high gross domestic product translates to a lower chid morality, better education, and better quality of life. These are some of the factors that economists measure when they explain happiness. Weber writes that though an individual can earn more money than everyone else, some factors such as education, literacy, life’s longevity, and health, can only reach to a certain level, therefore, an economist’s happiness cannot exceed a certain level. Weber also indicates that happiness is subjective meaning that people have

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella - Research Paper Example Its vaccine was made and licensed in 1968 (Barone, Crocetti and Oski, 321). (d). Pathogenesis and pathology of Rubella involves measles virus entering the body system, then to the epithelial cells, and finally to the blood where it multiplies (MPS). In blood the virus advances to general toxic level. The general toxic level of the disease is associated with the presentation of rashes, pigmentation as well as koplik’s spots (Shmaefsky, p.83). (e). Clinical manifestations of Rubella appears after an incubation period 6-18 days. The clinical signs include fever, catarrhal inflammation, koplik’s spots, and appearance prodromal rashes on the skin surface (Shmaefsky, p.85). (d). The pathogenesis and pathology of Ruboela involves measles virus entering the body, then virus moves to the epithelial cells, then to blood where it multiplies (MPS), blood and later generates to general toxic level. When it is at the general level, Ruboela is presents rashes, pigmentation and koplik’s spots (Black, p.90). (e). Clinical manifestation of Ruboela are portrayed after the incubation period of between 6-18 days. The clinical manifestations include fever, catarrhal inflammation, koplik’s spots on the skin as well as prodromal rashes (Black,

People in a zombie apocalypse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

People in a zombie apocalypse - Essay Example An attack by zombies exposes humans to a lot of hostility and fear. Human being has generally become afraid of becoming prey of these dangerous creatures. Despite the attack and the fear caused by the zombies, the society needs to heal and later forge ahead with its normal activities. Therefore, a society can take various steps to ensure that it is fully healed from the effect caused by the zombie apocalypse. This essay will therefore mainly discuss on how the effect caused by the zombie catastrophe can be contained in a society. It further analyses how Rick contains the situation after falling a victim of the apocalypse. Dealing with the zombie apocalypse issue For leaders such as Rick, they need to come up with policies to ensure that the issue of zombie apocalyptic story is controlled in the affected society. Such policies will ensure that the effect of the zombies on the victims is not so severe. The first policy is setting a bite policy up front. In case a victim is injured or suspected of being bitten by a zombie, he or she has three options. The rules in this case will be suicide, exile or lock up. In the exile rule, in case the victim will still be alive a week, he or she can be taken back to the society. In the lockup, the victim remains locked up in a cage or on a bed until some change is noticed in the victim or the incubation period is made longer. In addition, the victim can be gagged and the fingers wrapped up in gloves to protect others from being harmed (Kino).

Ethical Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical Decisions - Essay Example Due to the nature of this circumstance, various ethical issues usually tend to arise. The major ethical issues that usually arise include: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Minors are considered not be competent enough to consent to treatment. A proxy with parental responsibility is expected to make decisions which are deemed to be in the best interests of the minor especially in life-saving care (Gaudine, et al., 2011). However, if it is not deemed to be so, the decision made by the proxy can be overruled by the court. The court can also consent on the child’s behalf and can overrule the refusal by the parent to consent to life-saving care. This is evidenced by the overruling of cases over Jehovah’s Witnesses believers refusal to consent to life saving blood transfusion. Whereas this seems to be against certain ethical principles, they are deemed to be within these principles in some respect (Clark, Cott, and Drinka, 2007). It is against this backgro und that this paper will seek to examine and evaluate how each of the four major ethical principles can be applied to this issue. Autonomy The autonomy principle is one of the guiding medical ethics principles that mean that patients have the right to choose what is done to their respective bodies or that of the people they have responsibility over (Clark, Cott, and Drinka, 2007). ... to try and convince the judge that the court should take temporary child custody and appoint a guardian so as to allow the life-saving treatment to be undertaken on the child (Gaudine et al, 2011). This is where the court consent applies on the child. In most cases, the parents who refuse life-saving care for a minor child usually do so for religious reasons as they refuse the fairly standard medical treatment. A good and most common example is that of the Jehovah Witness members refusing blood transfusion of their family members. Nonetheless, should parents allow the treatment of their children even when the treatment seems to be high-risk and complicated one? This ethical principle asks the question of whether the doctors should take the parents who think that the life-saving care is high-risk and complicated (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001). Beneficence This ethical principle states that whatever is done should, before all else, of benefit to the patient. The principle requires tha t those with the responsibility over the patient including the parent of minors and the doctors should take actions that benefit the patient, and not to the detriment of the patient (Clark, Cott, and Drinka, 2007). While obviously it appears that one cannot do anything that does not help the patient, people are sometimes tempted to do things, when asked by other physicians or families that are of no or of marginal benefit to patients. For example, doing a test or surgery that is unlikely to help the patient. In the case of parental refusal of life-saving care for a minor child, it raises the question of whether such a refusal is deemed to benefit the minor child or not. If such a refusal will benefit the child then the doctors may consider it. However, in most cases, parental refusal is

What benefits does a childrens hospice service provide Essay

What benefits does a childrens hospice service provide - Essay Example Parents' perception about the children's hospice services play crucial role in determining the qualities of such palliative care providers, since the number of families obtaining the services of hospice homes are increasing. Thus the benefits derived from children's hospice services are awaiting the feedback from parent consumers to continuously change the shape and identity of services. The medical prognosis may assess the nature of a terminal illness but cannot ascertain the actual time of end of a patient. This being the strength of medical science, the palliative care cannot be rejected outright as redundant. It is an opportunity to provide a very special care to the loved kids, who face death in the near future or at a distance, thereby implying the acceptance of a poor prognosis. The National Academies' Institute of Medicine, USA, has boldly suggested that all physicians in paediatric medicine should well be trained in the field of palliative, end-of-life and bereavement care to children. (National Academies Institute of Medicine, USA). There exists a hairline demarcation between hospice services and palliative care services. Hospice services are based on the philosophy of providing comfort and support to terminally ill patients and their families when the life expectancy of the patients is in months. Hospiceprovides support for the emotional, social and spiritual impact of the disease on the patient and family through a team-oriented approach of specially trained professionals. Most hospices have a set of defined services, team members, rules and regulations. Hospice programs generally offer counselling and bereavement services to patients and families both before and after a patient's death. Palliative care services are rendered on the same principles as hospice care for patients with life-threatening illness. Palliative care looks at the emotional and social issues that occur as a result of a serious illness and the effect on the family as well as the patient. Palliative care for patients and their families also involves the comprehensive management of physical, psychological, social, spiritual and existential needs. Palliative care ideally begins at the time of diagnosis of a life-threatening or debilitating condition and continues throughout the person's life. Although palliative care may be an appropriate part of treatment of any complex or serious illness or injury, it is vital in the care of life threatening and/or incurable, progressive conditions. Palliative care is also integral to all health care delivery system settings like hospital, emergency department, home care, outpatient and non-traditional environments such as schools. The interdisciplinary team collaborates with all caregivers in each of these settings, in order to ensure coordination, communication, and continuity of palliative care across institutional and home care settings. Palliative care services generally provide Access to an interdisciplinary team Strategies to optimise pain and symptom management Help with communication between family and the primary care team Enhancing quality of life with emphasis on meaningfulness Assistance with decision-making Coordination of inpatient, outpatient, and home care

Question 1&2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Question 1 - Assignment Example In this case, privacy is not viewed as being alone or away from others but is based on matters such as trespass to a person’s personal property. The contravention of the law of slander and libel demands that remedy be attained through treatment of a person’s feelings which tends to interfere with the right of privacy. Absolute protection of the right to privacy may limit the ability of an individual to access other rights which are closely tied. The right to property may not be fully achieved if an individual wants to maintain their right to privacy as the property may be located in a place near other people. c) Protection against libel and slander is not sufficient in the protection of privacy because its remedy only involves the treatment of mere wounded feelings instead of addressing the actual issues that the led to the breach of privacy. Breach of implied contract is insufficient in the protection of privacy in the sense that it does not allow for free interaction between the offender and the person being offended. Hence it limits the exercise of right of privacy. Loss of property leads to loss of privacy in the search for a lost property or remedy to the loss. a) Soft surveillance uses non harmful means of carrying out investigations in crime scene investigations such as DNA tests from samples taken from body fluids such as the saliva. It involves the application f modern forensic laboratory equipment in the investigation. On the other hand panopticon applies the use of technical forms of investigation that may include deep examination of the body parts of the victims at a crime scene. It may include physical torture of suspects so that they can reveal some information. The collection of information for search is unseen due to the automated systems. The process does not infringe on the privacy of individuals as one is not

342 paper 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

342 paper 1 - Essay Example At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because we the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebears, and true to our founding documents. So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans. That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age.’ The given exigencies captured in the speech accurately give an impression of a refined invention of President Obamas speech thereby making it effective .The first exigency expressed by President Obama talks about war which has caused the country both hatred and violence. (Poggi pg23)War is a menace that the country has faced with other countries such as Iraq and Afghanistan. (Mingolelli pg45) The president acknowledges the fact that war in America with other countries must come to a halt. The audience feels represented. The second exigency talks about a weakened economy that has resulted because of war. The president recognizes that economic growth plays a pivotal role in the development of a country. The American people agree with the presidency that economic growth would empower living standards in the country. (Nuhringpg67) This aspect arouses the audience. The third exigency talks about preparing the nation for a new age which would encompass all the individuals in America. In a nutshell President Obama states to the country that his leadership would be inclusive, participatory and consultative. The challenge lies in both the president and the people of America. President Obama was making references to segregation and slavery that Americans felt attached to emotionally .Such statements easily reach every American thereby building

Toll Like Receptor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Toll Like Receptor - Essay Example In 1989, Charles Jeneway published it classical paper discussing inate immunity and establishes the fact that recognition of pathogen is done by germline-encoded receptors and not the recombinant antigen receptors (Janeway, 1989) He establishes the role of co stimulatory molecules or signals responsible for T cell activation. After extensive research of almost 20 years we have identified that co- stimulatory signal named as Toll receptor and its pathway. Surprisingly people working with different model system recognize that Toll receptor was not only responsible for human innate immunity but also found in wide range of living systems starting from earthworm to plants. Initially Toll receptor was recognized for its role in innate immunity but later on many unique role of toll was appeared in different model system like In drosophila where Toll have key roles in development. Investigation of Toll receptors and pathway related or activated by this receptor open ups new era of innate imm unity and give us insight in to evolutionary conservation. Toll like receptors (TLR) are PRRs (pattern recognition receptor) having unique and essential role in innate immunity. It comprises of family of type I transmembrane receptors characterized by an extracellular leucine rich repeat domain and intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain. LRR founds in diverse set of proteins having role in ligand recognition and signal transduction (Ruslan Medzhitov, 2001). The signature sequence of LRR is L(X2) LXL(X2) NXL(X2) L(X7) L(X2). Where X2 is any amino acids. The TIR domain of Toll receptor is conserved protein-protein interaction module found in different transmembrane and cytoplasmic proteins in animals and plants. Interestingly, most of these TIR associated proteins in animals and plants have a role in host defense.Figure:1 Schematic of Toll likes receptor (TLR) (www.icampus.ucl.ac.be) TLR in mammalian Immunity: In mammalian species there are at least 10 TLR, and having distinct role in innate immunity. There are almost dozens of ligand for TLR were identified and many more yet to be established. TOL ligand are quite diverse in nature but having some common characteristics like most of TLR ligands are conserved microbial products (PAMPs), TLR recognize different structurally unrelated ligand and some TLR requires accessory proteins to recognize its ligand . Fig 2 shows different ligand molecules recognized by mammalian TLRs. (Ruslan Medzhitov Nature Reviews Immunology 1, 135-145 November 2001) Figure: 2 Ligand specification of TLR TLR Pathways: Activation of signal transduction pathway by TLR leads to expression of several genes have key role in host defense. For example TLR activated signaling pathway activates expression of cytokines, chemokines, MHC and various co stimulatory molecules (Ruslan Medzhitov, 2001). Initially it was proposed that all TLR have similar signaling cascade but growing evidences indicates that even though there are conserved signaling molecules in TLR pathway, there are differences among different types of TLR mediated

Christian Worldview Reflection Essay Example for Free

Christian Worldview Reflection Essay In the book, Be thou my vision: Pursuing God’s perspective in a pluralistic world it states , â€Å"provides life events and experiences that deposit eternal truths in our minds and lives, and make room for intimacy with Christ†. When I read this phrase it picked up my attention right away because I am a true believer that God always help us and never is going to leave us alone but, at the same time, I believe it is our job to be smart and choose the best choice. When I was 18 years old, God opened a door so I came to United States to play Soccer and to get a scholarship. Before that opportunity, I was not very close from Christ and never went to church and read the bible very often. Being here, I meet great people, the family that I stay with help me to get closer to God and I started going every Sunday to church and reading the bible more often. Since that moment, God is more present in my life and working through my life showing me His intimate love. With Christ being in my heart, my life has grown stronger and I try to follow His way the best that I can. The NIV of Proverbs 3:5-6 states, â€Å"Trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; acknowledge Him and He will make you path straight.† I believe that choosing that opportunity changed my life. I’m glad to be here and I am very grateful to God for giving me so good opportunities in my life. Now, it just depends on me to be successful in what I want and follow his word to be better follower of Christ

Timber Frame Housing Construction

Timber Frame Housing Construction Timber frame housing a viable alternative to masonry Construction 1.1 Introduction Chapter one of this dissertation will review relevant articles of primary and secondary data to evaluate the hypothesis: Timber Frame construction a viable alternative to masonry construction. The main objective of this literature review is to increase the knowledge and understanding of the research and to critically apprise all that has been researched on timber frame construction in comparison to masonry construction. The literature review will be categorised into the following areas: Environmental impact Factors effecting Construction Costs. ( time savings, prelim costs Barriers effecting timber frame Fire resistance, acoustic, Thermal etc The literature review compares the opinion of other researchers and what they have discovered and done in relation to such aspects in timber frame construction 1.2 Environmental impact of timber frame construction in comparison to masonry construction. 1.2.1 Materials Roaf (2004 p.13) quotes buildings are our third skin. To survive we need shelter from the elements using three skins the first is provided by our own skin, the second by a layer of clothes and the third is the building. In some climates it is only with all three we can provide sufficient shelter to survive, in others the first skin is enough. The more extreme the climate, the more we have to rely on the building to protect us from the elements. Just as we take off and put on clothes as the weather and the climate changes so we can alter our buildings to adopt climate change Therefore one must investigate which method of construction is best suited to ones needs taking into account costs, environmental consequences and aspects such as thermal, acoustical and fire resistance so therefore they can life in a comfortable dwelling There appears to a be a huge demand in the construction industry to improve the efficiency in buildings, therefore to control climate change and to make this happen one must look firstly on the construction of our buildings and what method has the best impact on the environment. The author feels there is a strong case for investigating the timber frame approach as it has a potential for creating sustainable homes. Practices such as energy efficiency, recycling and the use of sustainable materials and products need to become inherent parts of the design and construction process and in some cases, displace traditional construction process and practices sustainable homes (2000), As Some materials used in construction can damage the environment: they can create pollution, while others are produced in an energy intensive process. Reclaimed material and products made from recycled material are less likely to cause environmental damage. It is important that materials should be judged on their lifecycle and their performance once they are installed. Buchann and honey, (1994) also suggest that there is a growing awareness that in the choice of building materials, the designer must not only consider the traditional requirements, but also the resource base and the effects on the environment of extraction, manufacture and processing of the building material, as the amount of primary energy used can have huge effects on greenhouse gas emissions. Borjesson and Gustavasson (2000) agrees with this statement as he suggests that, The substitution of sustainability produced wood material for other construction materials can reduce net Co2 emissions, Quack (2001) is in support of this statement with after the results of his study show that the life cycle of each house is independent of the construction materials. Sustainable homes (2000) discuses that timber is possibly the only renewable resource in the construction sector. According to Timber construction (2007) timber frame construction is the only environmentally friendly material available, as it claimed to be a carbon neutral. Claiming 800 kg of carbon dioxide is saved for every cubic meter of wood used. Stating that when comparing a 100m2 timber frame and masonry house, a total of 4 tonnes of carbon dioxide could be saved as a timber frame dwelling contains 5-6 cubic meters mores timber IPCC (1996) agrees that the manufacture of wood products normally requires less energy than that of alternative product which in results compares to the statements made above. Noren (2001) studied timber frame and traditional masonry houses over their lifecycle and claims that timber frame houses are a better environmental change to implement as carbon dioxide is reduced on every stage of the buildings life. Sutton (2007) is in agreement with this statement, claiming timber frame emit 16.5 % less carbon dioxide over the life of the building in comparison to its counterpart masonry construction. But However Brunklaud and baumann (2002) suggest after having examined reports on the environmental impacts of different materials on timber frame and masonry construction that wood has the lowest environmental impact in terms of embodied carbon dioxide emissions, but however over a complete lifecycle, building operational emissions is the most important factor regardless of the materials chosen, and that it is improvements to reduce operational emissions that will benefit the overall environmental impact of a building. Bjorklund and Tillman (1997) also agree as results show that timber frame has a better environmental impact at manufacture stage but however masonry can match timber frame over the life of the building Sustainable homes (2000) indicates that buildings accounts for 50% of all co2 emission and on average a house produces 7.5 tonnes of co2 every year, four tonnes if built to current regulations. It is not therefore, difficult to see the benefits of increasing the insulation capacity of the building envelope as one mechanism for reducing the amount of fossil fuels required in running our homes This statement above agrees to such statements from the majority of authors such as Buchann and honey, Borjesson and Gustavasson, Brunklaud and baumann, that much thought should be put into materials such as the fabric, structure of your house and your insulating materials therefore reducing the need of burning fossil fuels Although timber frame has a better environmental impact at manufacture stage from reports above it can be argued that masonry can achieve as a good an impact on the environment as timber frame over the life of the building. 1.2.2 Waste Impact A dictionary definition of environment waste is that of any substance, solid, liquid or gaseous for which no use can be found by the organisation or system that produces it for which a method of disposal must be devised. (RICS, 2009) However (Mnyani 2003, pg4-5) describes it as any waste that is generated during the process of construction, leftovers that are to be disposed post construction and this includes demolition debris. The construction industry is one of the largest industrial sectors in the UK, Construction and demolition waste represents roughly 17 per cent of total waste production in the UK, making the construction industry the largest generator of controlled waste in the country (DETR, 1999). It is estimated that some 70 million tonnes of construction and demolition waste arise annually (Environment Agency Website, 2000). Ekanaye Ofori 2000 indicate from their study on 230 different building sites, they found that waste levels for specific materials is consistently higher than the estimated level for all materials studied. New purchases to replace wasted materials rework to correct mistakes, delays and dealing with generated waste cause heavy financial losses to the contractor. Therefore the author feels the use of timber frame construction will play a good role in reducing waste as the timber frame panels arrive on site and are erected in a matter of hours in support of this (Glynn, 2000) points out that Arrival on site timber frame kit and erected in less than a week, approx 1 4 days This therefore cuts out on materials been damaged as a result of lying around the site, but however (Johnson, 1981p6) states that Waste occurs on site for a number of reasons, most of which can be prevented, this waste can occur form the Misinterpretation of drawing, Overestimating of quantity required, Faulty workmanship and Careless handing of materials. From this statement timber frame construction exceeds masonry as wastage on site can be reduced significantly by the maximum use of prefabricated units. As well as reducing wastage, quality control and efficiency during manufacture of standard materials in the factory means that the net amount of material required for production of the final component is minimised. Factory conditions make the use of off cuts more likely. Recycling and reuse of materials have long been associated with wise construction practises. Experienced contractors are now reaping the economic advantage of construction waste management. Many of the contractors that have embraced waste management have made changes to their operation and practices to take advantage of reduced waste disposal costs and revenues derived from recycle, reuse and salvage materials. Utilizing, reuse and salvage methods on site reduces materials that end up in the landfill, creates a cleaner and safer project site and improves community relations. 1.3 Factors effecting costs. Mark Windsor spokesperson for Design and Materials Company suggests that costs for masonry are the same for timber frame houses http://www.designandmaterials.uk.com/materials/brick-and-block.html To evaluate this statement Glynn (2000) demonstrates a construction programme in the following charts. Timber Frame Programme Foundations for kit are prepared, approx 1.5 weeks. Arrival on site timber frame kit and erected in less than a week, approx 1 4 days. External doors and windows fitted to seal house from external elements, approx 1 week. During phase three the roof is erected, felted and battened and tiled, approx 1.5 weeks. External cladding completed approx 1.5 weeks. During phase five, first fix electricity, plumbing and carpentry can begin, approx 2.5 weeks. Internal wiring and pipe work to be complete, approx 2 3 days. Drying out period, approx 2 4 days. Start second fix services, approx 2 3 weeks. Decoration can now begin and client takes over. This concludes timber frame programme at twelve weeks. Source (Kenneth Glynn, Prefabricated timber frame construction, 2000) Traditional masonry programme Foundations for kit are prepared, approx 1.5 weeks. Masonry envelope can commence approx 4 5 weeks. About one week after envelope commenced, fixing and glazing the doors, approx 3 weeks. During phase three, the roof is erected, felted and battened and tiled, approx 1.5 weeks. Note scaffolding will be on site for the majority of the above. During phase five, first fix electricity, plumbing and carpentry can begin, approx 2.5 weeks. Internal wiring and pipe-work to be complete, approx 2 3 days. Start second fix services, approx 2 3 weeks. Decoration can now begin and client takes over. This concludes traditional masonry programme at about twenty weeks. Source (Kenneth Glynn, Prefabricated timber frame construction, 2000) In examination of the construction programmes, there is a large differential in time scale between inception and move in dates. It is possible to come to the conclusion based on the solid facts that the programmes portray to us that the development of the timber frame house is by far the most efficient in terms of speed in completion. The difference in weeks is quite substantial with the programme of development comprising of the timber frame method of construction far more efficient with an overall saving of about eight to nine weeks. A timber house is usually watertight by week five of the build; by contrast a traditional masonry house is not watertight for nine or ten weeks. Traditional construction methods are extremely vulnerable to inclement weather conditions. Such inclement weather conditions will cause delay to the overall completion of the project, this is not a factor for timber frame construction as all internal works can began at week five, despite any external weather c onditions. By Glynn 2000 contrasting these two construction programmes it shows that the timber frame programme would offer a rapid development construction to meet market demand thus providing a return on your development almost of immediate effect. In support of Glynn an article in built it magazine states When comparing timber frame to masonry, masonry is generally the slower of the two. However this article indicates one must factor in time it takes to get a timber frame onto site from the date it is ordered, which can take up to 16 weeks ( Build It magazine, published May 2008.) However from examining Glynn 2000 construction programme there are direct costs saving advantages such as reduced construction time, overheads and less waste. Other factors that should be considered when carrying out a cost benefit analysis are the preliminaries costs as early off-hire of cranes and scaffolding due to reduced construction times and also reduced on site labour which saves money. With brick and block, build costs are spread over a longer period of time. However one must consider the overall programme cost reductions by timber frame construction. Timber Frame is touted to have the following advantages: That it is a faster method of construction with the ability to halve the total on-site construction duration; That it requires less on-site labour; That large number of units can be constructed within a short time; That the faster construction and reduced on-site work brings financial benefits to the developer in terms of shorter period of financing the project and completed buildings being put up for sale much faster. Factory-produced homes are usually erected on site in a matter of days. Once up, the internal finishes can be started right away, which can produce further time savings. However, there may be lengthy delays involved in getting the frame built. Also bear in mind that thin-joint masonry promises many of the speed advantages of timber frame. The NHBC estimates up to a three-month time saving by choosing timber. On Price For many years, timber frame used to be thought of as a little more expensive, but advocates claimed that you could claw back any extra expense by shortening the length of the job overall, thus reducing overhead and finance costs. However, more recently the picture has become confused. Blocklayers became very expensive, eroding the cost differential; while timber frame factories became very busy, lengthening the time taken to process the orders, and thus losing much of the speed advantage. The fact is that there really isnt that much cost difference. As a rule, masonry sits better (and cheaper) behind a brick or stone skin, whilst timber frame comes into its own behind a lightweight external skin such as timber. Representatives of both timber frame and brick and block would agree that there is relatively not much of a difference in the cost between the two constructions techniques. If timber frame is chosen for its quick build time, One believes that overall the cost benefits of timber frame houses offer better value as the proposed development would include rapid construction to meet market demand thus providing a return on your development almost of immediate effect. . The speedy construction of timber framed houses enables the contractor to construct a large number of houses in a relatively short period of time. A timber frame house owner would also have the added benefit of a more energy efficient home 1.4 Perception of timber frame and its barriers: The use of timber frame construction of houses has faced many challenges in recent years as other materials such as sandcrete blocks, concrete blocks and brick replaced timber as main building construction materials due to many barriers such as psychological barriers mainly form general public. The public perception of timber frame construction in comparison to the traditional masonry construction. B.k. Baiden, E. Badu, F.S Menz (2004) is as follows Timber can consumed by fire if used in building construction, Durability is relatively poor structural ability The lack of understanding and cynical views expressed by the public on the fire resistance, durability and structural properties of timber frame structures initially made Timber frame construction to received negative comments throughout the last few decades and has came under scrutiny which has influenced the negative perception the general public have adopted The timber frame industry was effectively killed off overnight in the early 1980s, after the world in action programme raised a number of doubts about the standards of construction Barrys (2002) Timber frame construction has received negative comments throughout the last few decades and has come under scrutiny which has influenced the negative perception the general public have adopted. Some members of the public associate timber with been a fuel for fire and therefore timber frame structures are more liable to ignite. The author feels this is a harsh and unjust assessment, which has restricted the growth of timber frame housing during the 1980s and the early 1990s when it could have gained a valuable foot hold in the housing market during this period. However in recent years the only slight concerns remain in the public domain and this has helped timber frame housing to gain a 30% share in the domestic housing market. Many professionals in the timber frame industry believed that consumers no longer had doubts regarding fire, which will be illustrated later in the questionnaire conducted by the author. Government reports indicate that There are some residual reservations about timber frame among architects, engineers, builders, administrative bodies, financial institutions and insurance companies as well as with end users. Perceived problems with timber frame construction in the housing market from both the end users and local authorities would include a perceived greater risk of fire, issues of sound attenuation in a timber structure and the impact such a structure might have on the security of the end user. however Narty 1971 states that Timber constructed houses can be built to last for a period of 40-100 years, this suggests that timber frame construction is every bit as good as the traditional masonry method. Most people perceive a brick block house to be more solid than timber frame http://www.buildstore.co.uk/mykindofhome/events/different-building-systems-weekend-in-detail.html Traditional masonry cavity walls, most commonly brick with an inner structural leaf of concrete block, have dominated house building in the UK for the past eighty years, but there are a number of other systems that are gradually making inroads, including timber frame, http://www.cyprus-property-buyers.com/files/constructionmethods.pdf One question that perpetually raises its head is which is cheapest of the two most prevalent systems timber frame or brick and block? The author will look in great detail at the properties in timber frame buildings to evaluate the perception in the industry towards timber frame and why they think masonry is the better construction overall. 1.4.1 Fire resistance: Barry (1998) states that although timber is a combustible material, it can function as a structural member for a longer period than an unprotected metal member provided it is of adequate section White (1999) agrees with this statement saying The relatively good structural behaviour of timber in fire is due to the fact that it has uniform strength through the mass. The load bearing capacity is therefore reduced in proportion to the loss of the cross section, the unburned section, however, retains a full high strength Forest products research institute (1988) also agrees with this; as the results from a study showed that timber of sufficient size is difficult to burn because of cross sections decompose relatively slowly due to its low thermal conductivity and the formation of charcoal on the outer sections Sustainable houses (2000) agrees with the above as it states that timber frame homes tested to BS476 demonstrate that they exceed these requirements BRE structural survey (2002) indicates that in the TF 2000 BRE project no evidence to suggest that timber frame construction suffers disproportionally form problems of poor workmanship or that it is exposed to higher risks of fire spread than traditional masonry counterpart. In support of this TRADA and BRE fire safety research concluded that Timber frame performs as well as other construction in fire and life safety is at no greater risk. 1.4.2 Thermal: Sustainable (2000) suggests that one of the most commonly identified advantages of timber frame systems in relation to thermal performance, The most important factor by far being the structural envelope. The most basic timber frame home will exceed current building regulations requirements In support of this statement Doran (2008) BRE states timber frame insulation solutions lend themselves to going significantly beyond the minimum thermal performance requirements Timber frame can easily meet current regulations by increasing stud size therefore increasing the amount of insulation, giving a better U-value. With the governments publication of new regulations in 2006 part L relating to energy conservation and ventilation in new homes Timber frame uk suggests that with the introduction of these new part L regulations for new built homes timber frame housing has increased because of its suitability for modern building and it can comply with the new regulations so easily and cost effectively With timber being a poor conductor of heat Barry (1993), the thermal conductivity is very low making it a natural insulator which is two to four times of common insulating materials Simpson (1999) However Doran 2008 indicates that to achieve the expected thermal performance in timber frame dwellings requires good workmanship 1.4.3 Acoustic: Sound is a form of energy which can be transmitted over a distance from its source through a medium, such as air or a solid element of construction e.g. a wall or a floor. A construction based website Homebuilding.Co.uk indicates that heavyweight building techniques have a clear advantage here. But in detached housing, the chief area of concern is noise between floors and most masonry homes actually have timber intermediate floors, so in this respect there is little difference http://www.homebuilding.co.uk/feature/construction-systems-masonry-vs-timber Sustainable (2000) indicates that timber frame masonry outperforms masonry party walls by some margin In support of this Trada (2000) agrees with this statement indicating lightweight timber frame party walls between semi-detached or terraced houses and flats and party floors between flats meet the current requirements of the building regulations for sound insulation. However many authors argue this (.) stating that building mass is the only way to provide high sound insulation. An article by Clive Fewins, published in home building and Renovating magazine agrees with the above statement with regards to the public perception, where the public perception of masonry built is strong and durable A masonry structure gives a house a feeling of solidity, as the density of the blocks provides a high level of acoustic mass Trada state Its interesting that even our standard 140mm timber frame walls are 20 per cent more thermally efficient than current building regulations demand. Sound insulation is more efficient too with a timber frame, compared with other methods of construction. This public perception of the acoustic performance of timber frame has also played a role in hindering the growth of timber frame housing but these unsubstantiated views have been contradicted by a number of independent assessments within the industry. However BRE are in favour of timber frame building stating, If all dwellings had sound insulation as good as that measured in party walls of timber frame homes, the problems of noise from neighbours would be greatly reduced. Just like any other new homes, when built with good standards of workmanship, timber frame homes will meet all current Building Regulations and Standards on sound insulation and acoustic performance. It is commonly assumed that only solid walls that are found in traditional masonry houses can guarantee you peace and quiet. In 2003 tests were carried out by (BRE) the Building Research establishment on Robust Details that can be used by any designer and house builder, this research proved that timber frame houses performed best out of any construction method. This research was also reviewed on the UKs largest database of test cases on sound performance going back over 17 years, by Dr Sean Smith of Napier University who also stated the superior sound performance of timber frame houses. A statement from Dr Sean smith in a recent website article on timber frame construction shows after researching on acoustical performance how he personally feels timber frame can easily outperform current regulations Our research shows that timber frame party walls are the best performing in the industry for current and future regulations. The (Irish timber frame association) suggest the importance of mass has always been perceived as been vital to achieve good sound insulation, however reliance on mass alone would be impractical and a largely unpopular method of improving sound performance. In recent years other characteristics have became more important such as isolation, stiffness, absorbency and air tightness. Isolation makes it more difficult for sound to propagate through the building by introducing physical breaks, this is an important for good sound insulation, and the cavity walls in both house types perform this function. Stiffness of structural members, gives greater resistance to structure borne vibration caused by sound. Absorbency in voids helps dampen sound and finally by ensuring the separating structures are totally sealed, sound leakage through gaps is avoided. It is widely accepted that timber frame construction is exploiting these characteristics and is well ahead of other methods when the regulatio ns change in the future. Noise nuisance within homes is becoming a more widespread concern in modern times as ownership televisions, stereos and game consoles are at an all time high and this is causing conflict among neighbours. The findings of BRE have contradicted the public perception that mass is essential to gain high-quality acoustic performance. Durability: Narty (1971) argues that The Durability of timber is often discussed with reference to fungi, or insect attack. In absence of these, timber is remarkably resistant and will survive for long periods of time; the author has found such evidence as the Egyptian tombs which are over 200 years old. BRE (1996) conducted two large scale independent surveys and found no instances of rot caused by water ingress. And all timber exposed areas (Cavity) that are preservative treated shall cause little trouble In support of this Simpson (1999) agrees with this statement suggesting that timber kept constantly dry does not decay and a large proportion timber used is kept dry and can last for very long periods 1.5 Advantages of timber frame over masonry: Timber frame offers a number of advantages compared to most other forms of construction The previously stated the u turn for the rise in popularity for timber frame methods of construction has not been unfounded, with large benefits to the client and contractor been identified as the basis for this success. Many of the countrys contractors in the housing are now seriously considering this technique because it, provides high quality houses, quickly and cost effectively Source (Prefabrication-solution to an overstretched industry, Nov 2001, The Irish construction Industry Magazine) The greater use of well-designed timber frame houses will help ease the pressures on traditional construction trades, it also has the benefit of helping to speed up projects and help ensure cleaner and safer sites Source (Webb, M., The construction magazine, Prefabrication Report) On Speed Factory-produced homes are usually erected on site in a matter of days. Once up, the internal finishes can be started right away, which can produce further time savings. However, there may be lengthy delays involved in getting the frame built. Also bear in mind that thin-joint masonry promises many of the speed advantages of timber frame. The NHBC estimates up to a three-month time saving by choosing timber.