Memories of my childhood Essay

Thinking back when I was ten brings up a lot of memories of my childhood. I was a tom boy and a big eater because of my high metabolism and extremely high energy level. I look back at my favorite foods and there are many that come to mind. I loved Chef Boyardee Ravioli and Spaghetti O’s. I also loved my mom’s homemade chicken and dumplings and bisquits, peanut butter and banana sandwiches, and mom’s cookies. These have been my favorites throughout the years with the exception of the Chef Boyardee Ravioli and Spaghetti O’s. My mom has taught me how to prepare some of her recipes so that I may pass them on to my children and them to theirs. I think I will continue to eat these dishes until my body can no longer handle the ingredients that make these dishes so scrumptious. My mother is 52yrs old and still enjoys these foods she is in very good health with the exception of her osteoporosis so if I continue taking care of myself and my body and nothing bad happens besides what already has happened, I think I should be able to eat these dishes for a very long time. There are several reasons why dietary modifications need to be changed throughout the different stages of life. From birth the old age are metabolism is constantly changing, we go from a high energy intake to a slowed metabolism. Healthful diets help promote the growth of infancy into your older adulthood, and it helps with the productivity to help prevent obesity, high blood pressure and cholesterol, certain diseases, strokes, heart attacks, and osteoporosis.

Burger King Holdings Inc.

Burger King Holdings Inc. was formed in 23 July 2002 and incorporated in Delaware. The holding company restaurant system includes restaurants owned by the company and franchises. The company is the second largest fast food hamburger restaurant chain (BurgerKingHoldingsInc, 2008). Controls set by the company The controls set by the company are to ensure that the financial statements provide reasonable assurance on the reliability of the financial statements and financial reporting.Internal controls ensure that the financial statements are prepared according to GAAPs. Internal controls ensure correct maintenance of records, transactions are recorded according to GAAPs and the prevention of unauthorized use or disposal of company’s assets. The effectiveness of the internal controls should be reviewed regularly to determine their adequacy although the controls put in place may not prevent and detect misstatements given its limitations due to changing conditions or degree of compli anceExamples of controls are the security and business controls put in place to prevent access and use of personal information possessed by the company that if leaked, may expose the company to litigations (BurgerKingHoldingsInc, 2008) Financial statements The total revenues for the company have been growing over the years. The total revenue in 2004 was $1. 7 billion rising to $2. 4 billion in 2008. The company’s revenues are generated by franchise and company owned restaurants.In year 2008, 88% of sales were from franchise restaurants. The operating income and net income over the same period grew from $73 million in 2004 to $ 354 million in 2008 for operating income while net income rose from $ 5 million in 2004 to $ 190 million in 2008 The diluted earnings per share i. e. earnings after adjusting for dilutive effects rose from $106. 1 in 2004 to $ 137. 6 in 2008 Total assets grew from $ 2. 5 billion to $ 2. 6 billion in 2008.Total stockholders equity also witnessed growth f rom $ 716 million in 2007 to $ 845 million in 2008 Net cash flows from operating activities grew from $67 million in 2006 to $ 243 million in 2008 Other aspects of the company’s performance is the opening of 202 new restaurants which brings the company’s total number of restaurants to 11,505 as of June, 30 2008 Techniques to analyze financial statements The financial statements are prepared and disclosed according to the GAAPs as well as presented according to the SEC regulations.The financial statements have been presented based on the reportable segments of the company i. e. USA and Canada EMEA/APAC and Latin America. As seen earlier, the company’s revenues are generated from company’s restaurants and franchise restaurants. The analysis has also been done according to the source of revenue Comparison of restaurant sales from the three reportable segments has been done in the financial statements (BurgerKingHoldingsInc, 2008) ImpactThe preparation of the financial statements according to reportable segments helps the company to formulate strategies for the various business segments in line with their performance. Comparison of sales growth in the segments over the years helps the company to evaluate the performance of each source of revenues thus formulate strategies that can improve growth References BurgerKingHoldingsInc. (2008, August 28th). Form 10-k. Retrieved April 10th, 2009, from Burger King Holdings Inc. : http://media. corporate-ir. net/media_files/irol/87/87140/BKC_AR08/10-k. html

Comparison of Public Health and Community Health

Comparison of Public Health and Community Health The introduction of Public Health agencies and associations facilitated major improvements to the health of the American people through the years. The health care needs of the nation dictated changes to these agencies and associations as the nation grew and new diseases, viruses, and bacteria emerged. Public health professionals focus on national, state, and county level of research, data analysis, and provide recommendations for health promotion. Community health professionals bring the information and recommendations identified by the public health professionals to the communities.This paper will focus on the history and development of Public Health and compare the differences and similarities between public and community health agencies. History and Development of Public Health Before the twentieth century few formal public health officials existed, often a member of the upper class filled the role. The growth of public health organ izations initially started in the quickly growing port cities along the east coast during the late 1800s. People entering from all over the world raised concern for catastrophic diseases entering the country.Louisiana was the first state to initiate a state board of health in 1855 and by the1880s most states in the union had formed their own boards. Ten health reformers met in New York City in 1872 and created of the American Public Health Association (APHA). The main goal of the APHA is â€Å"to protect all Americans, their families, and their communities from preventable, serious health threats and strives to assure community-based health promotion and disease prevention activities and preventative health services are universally accessible in the Unite States† (American Public Health Association, 2011).â€Å"In 1798, the United States Congress had passed the Act for the Relief of Sick and Disabled Seamen to finance the construction and operation of public hospitals in por t cities† (Scutchfield & Keck, 2009, p. 15), and this was the origin of the Marine Hospital Service. In 1871, John Maynard Woodward was appointed the Supervising Surgeon of the Marine Hospital Service. In 1879, yellow fever spread up the Mississippi Valley beginning in New Orleans, the devastation this caused lead to the creation of the National Board of Health.The National Board of Health tried to regulate quarantine laws between the states; this caused discontent with the states, as quarantine laws were valuable financially and politically. In 1883, the National Board of Health was terminated and the board powers went back to the Marine Hospital Service. â€Å"In 1912, the Marine Hospital Service became the United States Public Health Service, specifically authorized to investigate the causes and spread of disease and to provide health information to the public† (Scutchfield & Keck, 2009, p.15).Between the 1930s and 1944 the United States Public Health Services added engineers, dentists, research scientists, nurses, and other health care specialists to their arsenal. The United States Public Health Service continues today as the U. S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps with the mission of protecting and promoting the public health of the Nation and globally to prevent disease, sickness, and suffering (U. S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, 2011).The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) operates under the Department of Health and Human Services. Beginning July 1, 1946 as the Communicable Disease Center the initial focus was controlling Malaria in war areas. The last six decades have seen the CDC grow and include more responsibility to its program. â€Å"Today, CDC is the nation’s premier health promotion, prevention, and preparedness agency and a global leader in public health† (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010).The CDC’s mission â€Å"is to collaborate to create the expertise, inform ation, and tools that people and communities need to protect their health – through health promotion, prevention of disease, injury and disability, and preparedness for new health threats† (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010). The CDC collaborates with the states and health care administration around the country and abroad to maintain a surveillance system to thwart disease occurrences.County, State, and National Public Health Resources The goal of the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services is to provide protection of citizen’s health, and to provide services to the needy. Separate agencies focus care on individual needs, such as wellness (family planning, child health, newborn services), safety (abuse & neglect, domestic violence, food protection), disease education (asthma, diabetes, HIV, hepatitis), and support services (behavioral health, childcare, child support, Medicaid).â€Å"The New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services ( NH DHHS) is the largest agency in New Hampshire state government, responsible for the health, safety, and well being of the citizens of New Hampshire† (NH DHHS, 2011). New Hampshire DHHS provides services to individuals, children, families, and seniors with programs and services for residents with mental health, developmental disability, substance abuse, and public health. Each county has one or two offices. The Food Stamp Program helps residents meet nutritional needs by providing benefits to buy food at local grocery stores.Food Stamp benefits cover items like milk, meat, fish, eggs, rice, pasta, and infant formula. The Division of Child Support Services provides support to ensure every child in NH has financial and medical support from both parents. The Governor’s Commission on Disability assists residents who cannot continue working through providing resources from Social Security and Medicare or Medicaid. The Bureau of Behavioral health promotes â€Å"respect, rec overy, and full community inclusion for adults, including older adults, who experience a mental illness and children with an emotional disturbance† (NH DHHS, 2011).Public Health Public health nurses focus care on â€Å"the community or population as a whole; raising questions about its overall health status, and associated factors† (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008, p. 14). Public health nurses come from a wide variety of specialties or may be credentialed in public health specifically. Some of the programs public health nurses focus on includes obesity, emergency preparedness, and chemical exposure prevention. Public health nurses work in schools, the workplace, and local government. Community HealthCommunity health is â€Å"the synthesis of nursing theory and public health theory applied to promoting, preserving, and maintaining the health of populations through the delivery of personal health care services to individuals and groups† (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2008, p. 1 6). These nurses work in government and private agencies focusing on improving the health of the communities. They provide education about health and disease prevention, nutrition, and childcare. Community health nurses work closely with health care organizations. An example of community health nursing is nurses who work for Community Health Centers or Parish nurses.Conclusion Public and Community Health Associations have improved and extended the quality of life of American citizens since their inception during the 1800s. Many changes occurred through the early years, and changes will likely continue into the future as the needs of the American people change. Public Health and Community Health are similar in that they each focus on the needs of the people; however, Public Health focuses on the larger scale of the needs of the people of the nation, and Community Health uses the information Public Health extrapolates and tailors the information to the needs of their community.

Apple versus PC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Apple versus PC - Essay Example With such distinctions being many questions have arisen in regards to which machine is truly superior. Through a consideration of a variety of components of each machine, this essay demonstrates why the Mac truly has higher quality than the PC. When consider computer technology one of the primary considerations that individuals make is in regards to cost. Oftentimes the Mac is derided in relation to the PC because of the significant cost differential between the two machines, with the Apple Macintosh generally costing a few hundred dollars more than the traditional PC. While these are valid complaints, ultimately they prove erroneous when one notes that the Macintoshes’ hardware warrants the cost differential. A recent study was conducted that compared the top of the line Dell Computer to the Apple Macbook Pro in terms of cost and efficiency. The study indicated that, Dell's Inspiron line doesn't currently offer processing power equaling that of the MacBook Pro. To get a 2.33- GHz Core 2 Duo processor (a 2.4-GHz version isn't available yet), you have to move up to Dell's more expensive XPS M1710 with Vista Home Premium. Once I did that, though, and tricked out the M1710 with only those extras it had to have to compete with the MacBook Pro, I was surprised to see the Dell come in at a whopping $3,459, some $650 more than the Apple product (Finnie). In these regards, the study indicates that when adding the same hardware technology to the PC that the Mac already has included, the Mac demonstrates significantly more value. This demonstrates that while ostensibly the PC is cheaper, in reality the Mac comes with significantly more value and quality. Another major consideration that one makes when considering the effectiveness of computer technology is the computer’s overall efficiency. Many PC users remain unfamiliar with the intricacies of computer technology and contend that the PC actually is a more efficient machine than the Mac. Still, when examini ng this question more thoroughly one discovers that in reality the Mac is a significantly more quality machine. Consider the parts that are used within the Mac as compared to the PC. A general qualitative investigation demonstrates that the Mac has a sleeker design that doesn’t bend and creek like PC plastic compartments. Another prominent element in terms of efficiency is the operating system. The PC only allows users the option of implementing Windows, while the Mac is equipped to run both Windows and OS X. This difference allows Mac users to tailor the operating system for the specific task, greatly improving computer quality and efficiency. It’s clear then that the Mac is better than the PC in terms of overall efficiency. A final consideration that is made regarding Mac and PC’s is within the realm of general useability. Oftentimes PC users claim that the Macintosh is an inferior product because it is purposely made more difficult to use as a means of differ entiating itself. In reality, this is an erroneous assumption and that Macintosh is an overall more useable machine. Consider a number of specific different between the computers. One of the major differences between the machines is the fast and effective boot time in the Apple. While having to wait an extra-minute or for a computer to load may seem like an insignificant problem, when this element is

RESEARCH PROPOSAL TOPIC Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

TOPIC - Research Proposal Example It also breaks the monotonous classroom and office set up thereby bringing change to the learning environment resulting in close attention to class work. A number of students fail in their exams not because intelligence quotient, but because of the approach used that makes learning boring, which ends in low grades and therefore, incorporating visual aids in the learning process improves student’s performance. Various software packages and tools like power point are used to enhance learning, thus making learning very interactive. Customization of effects that include color, give the audience a better understanding of what is under discussion, giving visual learning an edge over other traditional learning methods. Through this, it’s very easy for students to recall what they have been taught through the use of images, the same effects are employed in early childhood education. Visual Learning provides certain elements that notes or texts cannot provide. The use of elements like graphs, charts, images and slide-shows give students the ability to retain most of the things learnt, than they would otherwise retain through the normal classroom lessons. It is therefore important to study how these tools improve performance among students and their relationships with similar tools used in early childhood. It’s of significance to know changes, if any, in the learning process as one begins at kindergarten through to institutions of higher learning by undertaking further research on this topic (Salkind,

How Tarantino's Reservoir Dogs (1992) influenced by the French Essay

How Tarantino's Reservoir Dogs (1992) influenced by the French New Wave - Essay Example In the film, Tarantino cuts some scenes and moves to other scenes in a manner that the audience is able to note that some scenes are not there. The Reservoir Dogs has a non-linear narration just like the French New Wave films. This is evident where Tarantino introduces the past life of some characters and then comes back to the present. The Reservoir Dogs film also makes references to films produced earlier including Get Christie Love and The Lost Boys films. The referencing of films produced earlier, in a film was a common characteristic of the French New Wave films (Conard, 2008, p.108). In terms of the formal elements of the film, the film employed the on-location shooting concept. Tarantino shoots about a quarter of an hour in one particular location and entry of new character in the scene happens without cutting of the shot. According to Neupert (2007, p.39) the French New Wave films were produced on a low-budget and location of shooting was not costly. The use of handheld cameras which was also a popular concept during the French New Wave can also be seen in the Tarantino’s

Bottled water vs. tap water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bottled water vs. tap water - Essay Example No longer a luxury item, the beverage has become a common sight worldwide.† (Owen, 2006). However, the author, Ann Pietrangelo of the text, Bottled Water vs. Tap Water: Which is really safer? raises question on how clean and hygienic is the bottled water, when compared to the tap water and gives the answer that the bottled water is not at all better than the tap water, and in some cases could be even inferior to the tap water. The text written was by Ann Pietrangelo in July 2009 and was featured under the section, Healthy reform policy in the website Care2.com, which mainly focuses on environmental and health issues. While ‘googling’ about the topic, Bottled Water vs. Tap Water, this website or webpage came as the second web entry or result, and appeared as the apt text for this topic and paper. In the initial part of the text itself, the author starts to spell out the argument that bottled water does not any safe qualities, and it is same or even inferior to the tap water. By using data from another website, FoodandWaterWatch.org, the author argues that with tap water being regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency and state and local governments, and bottled water being regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, there are clear evidences to show that bottled water is not effectively tested and so it is not better than the tap water. Author Pietrangelo first points out the basic point, which is 40 percent of bottled water originates only from the tap, with some minerals added and some extra filtration done. She provides this fact to send the message to the readers that bottled water is just another version of the tap water, without any major differences, quality wise. Then she provides some more facts, to justify that tap water is more clean and hygienic than th e bottled water, as the tap water has to conform various rules and tests under different conditions and standards. She states that tap water is not permitted to contain E. coli

Karl Marx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Karl Marx - Essay Example Karl Marx saw religion as being used to console the poor and to give them false promises thus making them forget the challenges that they were going through in life. The bourgeois was using religion in this consolatory manner so as to make the proletariat not to rise against them in protest for the injustices that they were undergoing. Karl Marx, therefore, saw religion as the opiate of the masses that was making the poor to have a passive approach to the challenges that they were going through in life. The second idea that I love about Karl Marx is his idea of human history and class conflict. Karl Marx claimed that in the history of human beings, every historical epoch is marked by two classes of people, i.e. the bourgeois and the proletarians. The bourgeois is the rich and the owners of the means of production. The proletariats, on the other hand, are the poor people who provide labor to the bourgeois. Karl Marx said that besides the bourgeois being the owners of the means of production, they also constitute the ruling class, political power and authority reside with them. Carl Marx claimed that because of this glaring inequality between these two classes of people, conflict is bound to arise in such a society. This is because the proletariat will always feel short changed and as a result, they will strive to overthrow the bourgeois from power so that they would also have an opportunity to be rich and to own the means of production. The bourgeois, on the other hand, will strive t o ward off the resistance of the proletariat.... The new proletariats will in turn start protesting against the bourgeois and this will lead to a new conflict in an attempt to overthrow the bourgeois from the reins of power. This process will continue on and on, in a dialectic way, till when it will come such a time when classes in the society will be completely abolished, i.e., when all the people in a society will be able to communally own the means of production. This kind of society will be a socialist or a communist society. Karl Marx believed that through this theory of class struggle he had explained the history of humanity and the law behind the history. Karl Marx was strongly convinced that without equal distribution of resources in a society, conflict is bound to arise. For Karl Marx material is the ultimate reality and the history of human beings can be explained as a constant and dialectic struggle for the material resources. Karl Marx envisioned a time when there will be equality in the distribution of resources and wh en the means of production of a society will be communally owned. He envisioned a time when the resources of a country will be divided not according to one’s ability but according to one’s needs. But this is not possible in a capitalist society; it is possible only in a socialist or communist society. This is because in a capitalist society, the distribution of resources is not based on one’s needs, but rather on one’s ability to acquire the resources. I really love this idea of Karl Marx because a critical look at the many conflicts in our societies and the world at large can be attributed to class struggle. Our capitalist economies have created a wide economic

Care Quality and Implementation of the Chronic Care Model Essay

Care Quality and Implementation of the Chronic Care Model - Essay Example Because of the finding that acute-care model was ineffective, numerous legislators and healthcare practitioners suggested other or additional models to deal with its weaknesses, like broadening managed care and setting up case- and disease-management initiatives, yet they by no means basically resolved the issue of healthcare provision. Wagner and associates recommended a different method of enhancing chronic illness care that included delivery of healthcare, founded on the paradigm they referred to as ‘Chronic Care Model (CCM).’ CCM was a wide-ranging reform to the quality of healthcare delivery to people with chronic illnesses. This paper chooses the topic of CCM because of its great relevance to contemporary nursing practice. It primarily puts emphasis on quite a few features of healthcare management. The provision of healthcare would shift from a traditional patient-physician relationship, where the latter entirely determines what needs to be done, to a more concerted effort between an equipped, enthusiastic healthcare group and an involved patient. The healthcare group operates within a planned environment, where care- and disease-management is evidence-based, processes are primed to monitor and assess progress, and information is communicated to doctors and patients. In this process clients/patients are actively involved, motivated to independently manage their illness and the healthcare organisation collaborates with its immediate community. The key terms used in this paper are Chronic Care Model (CCM) and the Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (ACIC). CCM states that a significant percentage of chron ic care does not occur within an organised health delivery contexts. CCM has been applied productively in some healthcare settings (Bernstein 2008). Nevertheless, according to Larsen and Lubkin (2008), there are hardly any healthcare settings that are completely equipped to implement CCM. This is the primary issue that the study of Solberg and colleagues (2006) tries to resolve. The Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (ACIC), the primary instrument used by Solberg and colleagues, was formulated to support organisational groups in determining weaknesses in their chronic illness care approach, and to assess the nature and extent of developments within their structure. The six important components of ACIC are (1) delivery system, (2) clinical information system, (3) decision support, (4) self-management support, (5) health care organisation, and (6) community linkages (Solberg et al. 2006). Even though the ACIC was designed as a handy instrument to aid healthcare organisations in upgrad ing the quality of chronic illness care, it has been applied to empirical studies as well. Method of Selecting the Article The article chosen by the author for the analysis is Solberg and colleague’s (2006) Care Quality and Implementation of the Chronic Care Model: a Quantitative Study. In finding the most appropriate article for this analysis the author used the following keywords: quantitative methodology, nursing research, and chronic illness care. The author used the databases JSTOR, Questia, ProQuest, Sage Journal, and EBSCOhost. In order to narrow the search the author tried looking for the concepts chronic care model, quality of care, enhanced care continuity, clinical outcomes, and for issues like curtailed healthcare costs and the growing financial trouble of healthcare. Numerous earlier solutions have been suggested to mitigate the healthcare challenge but they have not endured rigid assessment (Richardson 2008). The study of Solberg and colleagues (2006) shows us t hat we should be capable of presenting substantiation of the efficacy and value of these interventions instead of simply putting them into practice on the basis of assumptions. The author chose the abovementioned article due to the obvious nature of the

Coffee Manufacturing Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Coffee Manufacturing Company - Case Study Example From this paper it is clear that   to illustrate our finding, the result of the calculation illustrates that the cash flow for the beginning of the first four years of the sales of the New Home Machine projection are correlatively negative ranging from -146.35 to -273.0. In this sense, company may tend to make a loss for the earlier stage of this new projection and spend more money on the promotion of this new project and test marketing cost and so on due to the new project having low reputation, credibility and lack of competition as it is a new entrant within the industry. As the discussion highlights capital budgeting expenditure is usually of very high value; therefore, the management must undertake a careful analysis before resolving to put money in such projects. This is because, if decisions are made without careful analysis, heavy losses can be incurred or else the management can abandon a very profitable project. As such, this project will involve extensive analysis using techniques such as IRR, NPV and PBP. The objective of this capital analysis is to find out whether the management of Coffee Manufacturing Company (CMC) should adopt Home Grinder Cappuccino Machine or abandon it altogether. The decision as to whether to adopt the machine or abandon it will depend on the outcome of different capital budgeting methods including payback method, Net Present Values, and Internal Rate of Return. The analysis will ensure that the management adopts the projects only when there is an assurance that it will be of substantial economic benefit and abandon i t if investing in it will not have any economic relevance. The analysis will involve a variety of capital budgeting techniques such as Net Present values (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Pay back method. To establish the present values, a discount rate, which in this case is the opportunity cost of capital, is used.  

DinkaAgaar of South Sudan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DinkaAgaar of South Sudan - Essay Example Information was also given to Deal by various government officials and military officers, to try and determine the root and level of the violence and torture experience by the DinkaAgaar. Perhaps the most central concept of the research is that of Cieng. This is, as a noun, â€Å"human relations, conduct, behavior, habit, personality, custom, law, rule, way of life, culture, essence, and nature† (Deal, 2010, p571) and dictates the reason behind much of the violence within the group. The definition of Cieng seems to be the object of study in much of social anthropology, and the fact that it plays such an important role in the group dynamic explains the reasons for much of the behaviour. Deal (2010, p571) suggests that the importance of Ciengensures that the good of the group outweighs the good of the individual, and therefore, some of the torture and violent behaviour continues as it is thought to be an important part of Dinka culture. The main approach used by Deal (2010) is t hat sanctioned by Malinowski; fieldwork, taking the time to get the ‘native’s perspective’ through participant observation and communication with the members of the tribe. Torture and other forms of violence may seem unsavoury to an outsider, but when torture â€Å"appears to be a manifestation of deeply held perceptions of self and society within the people one studies, the calls to intervene are not so sharp† (Deal, 2010, p571) and an anthropologist needs to be sure not to use personal ethical frameworks on the tribe in question. This is perhaps the most appropriate methodology to use when studying such a culture. 17 months is a long period of time to be conducting fieldwork, but perhaps is needed to gain the trust of the group and a true appreciation for their lifestyle. Going in and collecting surveys full of quantitative information can be useful in some approaches, but may be likely to give bias. Deal (2010) was incorporated into the society and was even given a Dinka name by which he was addressed (p566), and as such it is certain that there was a certain level of trust in the researcher by the group. This is not without its failings, as there may be a situations where the group is misrepresented by the researcher due to sympathetic bias. However, it seems more appropriate than using a Western framework on a distinct culture. Additionally, Deal listed the types of information he gathered during the fieldwork period, and these were numerous and came from a number of different sources, so it seems certain that the majority of the research was free from particular bias (Deal, 2010, p564). As the research here focuses on the use of violence and torture as part of the justice system, the most interesting thing to be learnt is about the use of different moral and legal codes by the Dinka people. The use of violence within this tribe must only be seen from their social perspective, as they use violence as a means of starting war, rev enge, and justice (Deal, 2010, p567). Torture is also used to exacerbate the differences between the Dinka and the neighbouring Nyueii, as well as a punishment from indecent contact with these rivals (Deal, 2010, p566). Violence is part of the Cieng defined and used by the Dinka, and it is used to define ‘us’ from ‘them’ in the tribe. In conclusion, this research uses a wide range of material to illustrate the use of violen

Define Motivation, Explain How the Expectancy Theory Works Essay Example for Free

Define Motivation, Explain How the Expectancy Theory Works Essay TEMPLATE FOR SUMMARISING AND EVALUATING ARTICLES FROM SCHOLARLY JOURNALS Title and Article Reference| Robert G. Isaac, Wilfred J. Zerbe and Douglas C. Pitt(Summer 2001) Leadership And Motivation: The Effective Application Of Expectancy Theory, Journal of Managerial Issues , Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 212-226| Aim / Purpose of article| In this article, we discuss the application of a motivational model that provides a practical tool for individuals wishing to assume leadership roles. This model, namely expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964; Porter and Lawler, 1968), suggests that individuals, acting through self-interest, adopt courses of action perceived as maximizing the probability of desirable outcomes for themselves. This desire to maximize self-interest provides aspiring leaders with unique opportunities to assume leadership roles by simultaneously meeting both follower needs and organizational requirements| Sample, location, method of data collection and analysis| Article was only theoretical. No empirical evidence offered| Findings/Interpretations reported in the article| Leadership is hard work because it means stepping forward and taking the time to motivate each follower on a personal basis, according to the principles of the model of expectancy theory.| Significance/contribution of the article in relation to your other articles and your topic| This article also contains solid information which outlines that the expectancy theory is used by leadership to motivate their employee’s by meeting their expectation which then inspires them to perform their task highly.| Strengths of the article| Well researched with strong background in the exploration prior of research| Weaknesses of the a rticle| No weakness indicated as the expectancy theory has proven to be vital for leadership and management.| Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment| â€Å"V. H. Vroom (1964) suggested that people consciously choose particular courses of action, based upon perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs, as a consequence of their desires to enhance pleasure and avoid pain†. (Leadership And Motivation: The Effective Application Of Expectancy Theory) Summer 2001 p 214| Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment| â€Å"In essence, the model suggests that the individual feels motivated when three conditions are perceived†1. The personal expenditure of effort will result in an acceptable level of performance. 2. The performance level achieved will result in a specific out-come for the person3.The outcome attained is personally valuedSummer 2001 p 215|

E-Commerce Business Aims and Objectives

E-Commerce Business Aims and Objectives Md Imtiaz Ahmed Task Covering LO1 INTRODUCTION TO E-COMMERCE E-Commerce, formerly referred to as Electronic Commerce, is the trading of several of goods services over a wide area of electronic means; such as the Internet or any other Computer Networks. The various sources where the e-commerce is successfully being running and the uses of e-Commerce are mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems and automated data collection systems. E-Commerce allows the exchange of data over electronic means in order to facilitate the financing payment aspects of business transaction. Within the help of e-Commerce, an organization is benefitted through effective communications better business conducts. In order to build up a proper e-commerce website for a business, there must have to be some implementations of these analyses as follows:- PEST (Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological) Analysis Political- The potential change of government, as well as the changes in the policies priorities and the introduction of a new government initiative could be major political factors. Such factors include political stability, tax guidelines, trade regulations, safety regulations employees laws. Economic- Economic factors may also be limited to the home country but as global trade continues to grow, economic difficulties in one nation would tend to have a broad impact overall. Factors affecting the economy in such ways include inflation, interest rates, economic growth, the unemployment rate policies, and the business cycle followed by the country. Socio-cultural- Socio-cultural factors are those that arise from customers or probable customers. These changes can often be slight and they can be difficult to assume or identify until there’s a major effect or impact. Within this social factor the business finds it helpful to analyze the socio-economic situation of its market by means of fundamentals like customer demographics, cultural limitations, lifestyle attitude, and education. Technological- This area is all about those that are related to the uprising developments on the uses of technology. There are 2 types of changes in technological uses in general: developments in the uses of IT, and, developments in IT in specific industry or market.[1] In modern days, we have an extension in the PEST analysis which has added two more factors to take effect in the business. These are Legal(L) factors and the Environmental(E) factors, which for instance, stands to be the PESTLE Analysis. Legal- It is very important to take into accounts the factors arising from changes to the law. Changes can be by means of Discrimination laws, Health safety laws, Consumer Protection laws, Copyright Patent laws. Environmental- The factors arising from the concerns about the natural environment, in other words the ‘green’ issues, include increasing concerns about packaging and the increase in pollution. SWOT(Strength,Weakness,Opportunities,Threats) Analysis This analysis is only focused on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities threats that are significant to an organization for a brand new scheme. Strength(S)- Internal attributes that are helpful to the organization to achieving its objectives. Example includes: superior product quality, superior technological equipment, education to employees, popular product name, products embraced by consumers. Weaknesses(W)- Internal attributes that are harmful for the organization achieving its goals. Examples include: extension of the distribution system, lack of direct contact with customers, higher prices. Opportunities(O)- External factors that help the organization to achieve its aims objectives. This might arise from: exports, approaching the youth markets, cross-selling. Threats(T)- External factors that help the organization to achieve its aims objectives. These are brought up by: huge tax rates on luxury items, indirect competitors.[2] Onto a business organization, the SWOT Analysis has been divided into two categories, Internal Analysis which is Strengths Weaknesses, and External Analysis which is Opportunities Threats. The Strengths are valued by measuring the ability of an organization to compete with other companies globally or locally. The start-up cost overhead cost is low to introduce e-Commerce system in the business, which is a plus point. Direct consumer communication too takes place while this e-Commerce system is implemented by means of when an order is made; the goods are directly delivered where a personal meet up takes place. So it generally creates a good customer relationship. Weakness could be the higher prices of their products which will result in less consumer attentions and hence less profit. Another point to take into account as the weakness of an e-Business could be the online page loading time. If the page takes much time to load, the visitors of the site will eventually tend to turn their search off and leave. Hence no profit would be earned by the business. Opportunities are measured by their 24/7 availability online to serve their consumers. Growth is estimated to continue at high rates and launching an online business allows the merchant to be in a position to benefit from this growth. Threats are measured by the business’ ability to survive in the field by competing with other organizations. Another point to take into consideration is fraud. Some consumers find it risky to deliver their financial data and such kinds of feeling among the population can be a great threat for any online business stores. Privacy concerns too are a factor to be thought of. CORE BUSINESS FUNCTIONS OF E-COMMERCE I am Md. Imtiaz Ahmed, and, Mr. Bashar has appointed me as an e-Commerce Developer in his e-commerce business. He is planning to open an e-Commerce online book store. Nowadays we see a rapid rise in such businesses that runs online. There are various sectors such as the one Mr. Bashar is planning to open, apart from that there are jewelries, fashion items, perfumes, groceries, electronic appliances, household items and much more. Mr. Bashar wants to organize such an online book store where people from all around the world can get access to and order for their desired books of their own choices favorite authors. E-commerce is basically functionalized as to deliver the customers with the desired service in an online basis. For instance, the customers will stay at their favored place from where they can easily place an order for the product they want. They will either make the payment online using debit/credit cards or, they can also make the payment on cash while the product is finally delivered at the right place. That’s one of the most efficient and generally important function though which the system runs. Named Boibazaar.com, Mr. Bashar has set his online storefront targeted to basically the people of any ages since there are absolutely no limitations to read books. Starting from the youngest to the oldest, anyone can order for books as they want or would like to. Mr. Bashar targets to deliver his potential customers by serving them the right output as required. There are various functional areas partly divided in a sense to run the e-Commerce business on a smooth flow. Among them, follows are the most important ones that Mr. Bashar’s online storefront must implement:- The Sales Function- This department is assigned to maintain the sales promotion of the business, for instance, by means of effective advertisements discount offers. It also responds to their customers’ queries and tries their best to deliver them with the best possible solutions. Their task is to sell their products either over the telephone or using the face-to-face method of business transactions. They decide the estimations to offer discounts on their selling items, this is done through effective persuasive advertisements. Financial terms too are anyhow maintained by this department in some businesses. They also provide technical advices keeps records of their customers updated. The Production Function- This department plays a vital role in any business organization since it checks monitors the storage of raw materials. It also builds up the schedule of the productions for the maximization of the uses of equipments. Producing the items is the core function of this department and hence it also assembles the finished output. This functional area is also assigned for the quality checking of the products all through the production process. Machinery inspections too are managed by this area of business. The Purchasing Function- This department is necessary since its task is to order inputs/raw materials for the production of expected items from its suppliers. If any problems, such as disagreements from a supplier to sell raw materials, are faced, then the department would hold the right to change the supplier and order from the new one. If to introduce new items, new kind of raw materials is to be bought and utilized. In such cases, this department would search for new suppliers to meet the requirements. It also refers to the problems on delivery, e.g. quality or quantity. It is also very necessary for this department to be in good relation with its suppliers so that the business doesn’t face any negative trust issues amongst each other. The Administration Function- In simple senses, this department is all set to maintain the legal documentations, paper works necessary record keepings. In some business it helps their customers by providing expert advices for the queries faced. The Customer Service Function- Similar to the above one, it responds to their potential customers and gives them the best soluble options. It also provides after-sales services including the replacements of damaged items, arrangements for repairing the items, etc. It deals with the customer complaints and takes necessary steps to overcome the problems arising. The Finance Function- All the financial works are maintained by this area of business. The money that is received is well recorded by this department. The checking paying of the invoices received are too done by this department. All any financial documentations payments involved in the business are monitored by the Finance Department. The ICT Function- Most of the tasks of the Administration Department are followed by this ICT area such as maintaining the records on computer. Also the online helps too are done by this department. All that are related to the IT are controlled by this department. Since Boibazaar.com is an online book store, the Production Department is not much necessary since Mr. Bashar’s business does not produce books but deliver what are available on the market, just by means of selling on the online method. The ICT Department is the most important one since the business is online basis and thus the whole thing is maintained according to its own ways as supposed. Boibaazar.com has categorized their selling items according to the genres so that the visitors of the site find it handy easy enough to find out what they are looking for. The prices too are mentioned so that they don’t really need to navigate to any more pages to go for inner details. Seller contacts too are added so that if customer decides to purchase can make direct deals with the seller easily. Boibazaar.com agrees accepting the method of payments on Cash on Delivery basis for local consumers. Soon they will be accepting Card Payment method using VISA, debit/credit cards and online payments. For local consumers, the shop is also accepting the online payment procedure of Bkash. Regarding International consumers’ payments, the store is working on to accept methods followed by banks and also The Western Union process. But customers must be sure that there are different methods to follow for payments for different orders. Cash on delivery basis is highly being appreciated by the customers who prefer dealing online for their desired products. It’s less hassle and over all the difficulties that might appear compared to physical trading. AIMS OBJECTIVES OF E-COMMERCE Profit maximization is the core aim of any organization whether it is a physical business place or the one that runs online. Some organizations even aim to survive with just less or no profit at all. Breakeven, one method of surviving is to focus on breaking even over a certain period. This means making enough money to cover the total costs involved in producing and selling the goods or services, and running the business, although there is no profit, no money is lost. Also there are some businesses that only tend to focus on selling (sales maximization) as more products as possible in order to expansion in their business. BUSINESS STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP IN THE BUSINESS Below is a table that shows the aims of the business following the relationship of their stakeholders into the business. Stakeholders are those people who are both directly and indirectly related to the business in general means. The table below will help make a clear view:- Task Covering LO2 [1] http://pestleanalysis.com/pest-analysis/ [2] http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/SWOT-analysis-strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-and-threats-analysis

Implementation of charts regarding hand washing

Implementation of charts regarding hand washing The importance of antiseptic hand washing has been recognised for over 150 years (Macdonald A, 2004). It is estimated that 300,000 patient annually suffer from hospital acquired infection in UK which can result in a prolong stay in hospitals. It also increases the morbidity and mortality rate in UK (NHS Trust UK). it is accepted that hand gel is the most effective antibacterial hand washing agent and its use can reduce the spread of infection, including MRSA (Macdonald A, Teare L, Pratt RJ, 2004). So, I want to implement hand gel and charts regarding hand washing in my nursery to prevent infection in neonates. In my essay, I describe my change, why it is rational, leadership types, role of partnership, my partners and implementation of my change. To institute this change Kurt Lewins (1951) three steps of change model is used. This essay will present the three stages of change process which includes, unfreeze, change and refreeze and leadership theories, conflict management, and partn ership used to implement the change. Babies born in hospitals in developing countries are at increased risk of neonatal infection due to cross infection in nurseries. In a major review, neonatal infection rates of infection were reported 3-20 times higher than those reported for hospital born babies in industrialised countries (Zaidi AK 2005). Neonatal infection is estimated to cause 1.6 million deaths or 40% of all neonatal death in developing countries. Neonatal mortality rate under first 28 days of life are as high as 40-50 per 1000 live births in many of the poorest part of the world. Infection is the major cause of neonatal death in developing countries (Lawn JE et al, 2004). In our nursery, we documented that there is a disappointing level of hand hygiene. This is due to increased workload and shortage of time. So, my change can prevent the cross-infection when we use the hand gels in nursery. According to Daft (1994), all change is planned and positive and seems to ignore the possibility of unplanned and potentially negative change. However Mullins (1996) defined change as planned is intended to be positive and arise from the need to respond to new challenges and opportunities (Mullins, 1996). Organisation change may be linear or discontinuous. In the present stage nurse in our hospital follows the old pattern of hand washing. They touch another baby without proper hand washing. This is increasing the risk of cross infection. Anti septic hand washing is a crucial aspect in health care. The main barrier for this is lack of resources and support from hospital administration. The existing set up will always result in increased infection rate in neonates. So, antiseptic hand washing and use of hand gel will reduce infection rate. So I planned to put posters and hand gels in my nursery. I plan the change process by using Lewins (1951) model to install this change. Conflict com es naturally when a change is implemented, because people are not willing to change. Conflict is a natural result of self-interest behaviour. (Kirsch, 1988) Conflict is defined as a clash or struggle that occurs, when a real or perceived difference exists in desires, thoughts, attitude, feeling, or behaviours of two or more parties. Conflict can be internal or external. It can be positive or negative. There are three types of conflict. These are intrapersonal, interpersonal and intergroup. Intrapersonal conflict means inside or internal to an individual. Intrapersonal conflict refers to the tension or stress within individual as a result of unmet needs, expectation, or goal. A change in health care setting can create both stress and opportunity for organizational growth and expansion. Some nurses are disagreeing with the change and some welcome it for better patient care. Change management is art of influencing people and organisations in a desired direction to achieve an agreed fut ure state to the benefit of that organisation and its stakeholders. (Cameron and Green, 2003) Influence is an essential factor in establishment of plan. It helps to gain co-operation from colleagues, listen you effectively and accept you as a good leader. A number of models can be used to model a change management process. A popular model is Kurt Lewins force field analysis. A force field analysis is a useful tool to understand the driving and resisting forces in a change situation as a basis for change management. This technique identifies forces that might work for the change process, and forces that are against the change. Lewins model suggests that once these conflicting forces are identified, it becomes easier to build on forces that work for the change and reduce forces that are against the change (Cameron and Green, 2003). The difficulty is the assessment of strength or duration of a force, particularly when the human dimension is considered. To introduce the change from the existing system, I made a well defined plan. I made a plan by using Lewins model. It can help in the unfreezing stage of the existing system to make the participant aware about, what it is meant for? Plan consists of following things; the need of change, its importance, how it will works? How can it will beneficial for employees and patients? As per the Lewins (1951) theory, first process for making a change from the existing situation is to unfreeze the present system. For better outcome, we have to rely on the team rather than depending only on individuals. When a new idea is introduced into an existing system the conflict may arise from every side of the system. Because people always fear from change for many years. Although, it seldom brings about some failure such as losing money and being unsuccessful. Generally change can create new opportunities. It is known that change can enable people to have more successful and happier lives. So when any c hange is implementing, problems arises. The problems may either be internal or external. The internal problems include time, money, lack of co-operation from staff, organizational policies, availability of staff and others. On the other hand, an external problem includes availability of funds and support from organization. So, for change I implement three stages of Lewins model. Change is a planned, designed, purposeful attempt. Firstly I unfreeze the present situation by telling the staff about the dissatisfaction of the situation, which creates condition for change to be implemented. Adequate time is needed for the gradual introduction of new ideas, along with information that can serve as positive motivation for those who are going to be affected by the change. Information should include reason why a change is needed and how the organization and individual will benefit from it, because infection rate is higher in neonate in these days. The second stage of change process is moving, characterized by a cognitive redefinition of how group goals can be met based on new understanding. The primary activity during moving is re-education. Determining the specific programs needed. Ideally, the second stage does not begin until a roadmap checklist is complete. There is supporting evidence that the proposed change is purposeful, specific, integrated, time sequenced, adaptable, and cost effective and has approval. I impressed the staff with the positive aspect of change. This will help me to get success in my change. A report of project should provide information to avoid problems during implementation of the plan. The second stage requires organising and mobilising the resources required to bring about the change. The third stage of the change process is refreezing. It occurs when there is consistent evidence that the new practice is stabilized, integrated, and internalized by the staff. The third stage involves embedding the new ways of working into the organization. Information regarding posters are given to staff. The availability of hand gel is also sure for staff all the time. Fear of unknown change always causes anxiety among the staff. It can be overruled by using planned change which put a positive impact to improve effectiveness. As the change process progressed, it became evident that a thorough analysis of current resources and various dimensions of organisational change should be carried out (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, 2005). There is a clear plan for launching and executing t he change at a local level. My plan is to implement visual display with A3 size colour posters that emphasised the importance of hand cleaning, particularly hand disinfection and performance feedback. The literature review by Teare (1999) also support my plan. This type of implementation was done in one UK hospital and is successful. I discussed my plan with sister-in-charge, supervisors, administrative staff, senior staff nurses, junior staff nurses and health care work. The NHS Modernisation Agency Improvement Leaders Guide (DOH, 2004) stresses the importance of taking into consideration the human aspect when planning a change project. Similarly, Walton (1999) argues that change initiatives should be thought through and planned as far as possible taking into account the psychological bonds that staff forms with their work groups and their organisation as a whole. It follows then that no precautions had been taken to address resistance to change. Johnson, Scholes and Whittington, (2005) state that there should be a clear communication plan to state how information about the change project will be communicated inside and outside the organisation. In my plan of change the driving force include provision of adequate knowledge for the staff regarding the plan, improvement in patient care, improvement in knowledge regarding antiseptic hand washing, opportunity for more autonomy. For the implementation of the change I selected afternoon of Tuesday and Friday. Because the nursery is not too much busy in these days. And all staff of nursery is present. So I identified that will be the appropriate time for implementing the posters and knowledge will be provided regarding use of hand gels. I will discuss with the sister-in-charge regarding my plan. And I got permission from the hospital administration. For implementing a change, there is a need of leader. A leader is a person who rules or guides or inspires other. A clinical nursing leader is one who is involved in direct patient care and who continuously improves care by influencing others (Cook, 2001). Leadership is not merely a series of skills or tasks; rather, it is an attitude that informs behavior (Cook, 2001). In addition, good leadership is consistent superior performance with long term benefit to all involved. So, I requested all nurses in the nursery to help me in implementing posters in nursery. Leade rs are not merely those who control others, but they act as visionaries who help employees to plan, lead, control, and organize their activities (Jooste, 2004). Hand gels should be provide to the staff and information regarding use is also given to the staff. Staff can put the hand gels bottles in pockets because the bottles are flat one and easily put in pockets. So, nurse should use the hand gels before touching any baby. Posters are implemented in nursery and the common areas. This can make the nurses aware about the proper hand washing and use of hand gels. for implementation, there is a need of leadership. Leadership has been defined many ways in the literature. However, several features are common to most definitions of leadership. For example, leadership is a process, involves influence, usually occurs in a group setting, involves the attainment of a goal, and leadership exists at all levels (Faugier Woolnough, 2002). There are several recognized leadership styles. Autocratic leaders set an end goal without allowing others to participate in the decision-making process (Faugier Woolnough, 2002). Bureaucratic leadership occurs when a leader rigidly adheres to rules, regulations, and policies. Participative leaders allow staff to participate in decision-making and actively seek out the participation of those involved. This type of leadership allows team members to feel more committed to the goals they were involved with formulating (Faugier Woolnough, 2002). Laissez faire leadership leaves employees to their own devices in meeting goals, and is a highly risky form of leadership. A mo re effective form of leadership may be situational leadership. This is where the leader switches between the above styles depending upon the situation at hand and upon the competence of the followers (Faugier Woolnough, 2002). There is a difference between theory and style of leadership. According to Moiden (2002), theory represents reality, while style of leadership is the various ways one can implement a theory of leadership the way in which something is said or done. Organizations should aim for a leadership style that allows for high levels of work performance, with few disruptions, in a wide variety of situational circumstances, in an efficient manner (Moiden, 2002). Similarly, there is a difference between management and leadership. Managers plan, organize and control, while leaders communicate vision, motivate, inspire and empower in order to create organizational change (Faugier Woolnough, 2002). Outhwaite (2003) cites definitions of transactional and transformational leadership as posited by Bass in 1990. Transactional leadership involves the skills required in the effective day to day running of a team. However, transformational leadership involves how an integrated team works together and the innovativeness of their approach to the work (Outhwaite, 2003). For example, a leader can empower team members by allowing individuals to lead certain aspects of a project based on their areas of expertise. This will encourage the development of individual leadership skills. In addition, leaders should explore barriers and identify conflicts when they arise, and then work collaboratively with the team to resolve these (Outhwaite, 2003). Furthermore, the leader should remain a part of the team, sharing in the work, thus remaining close to operations and being able to understand the employees perspective (Outhwaite, 2003). I have studied all types of leadership and found that transforma tional leadership is good for my implementation. Because this leadership involves all staff and is an effective for health care sectors. One group of authors described the use of transformational leadership by Magnet hospitals (De Geest, Claessens, Longerich, Schubert, 2003). This leadership style allows for instilling faith and respect, treating of employees as individuals, innovation in problem solving, transmission of values and ethical principles, and provision of challenging goals while communicating a vision for the future (De Geest, et al., 2003). Transformational leadership is especially well-suited to todays fast-changing health care environment where adaptation is extremely important. This leadership style is positively associated with higher employee satisfaction and better performance. These, in turn, correlate positively with higher patient satisfaction (De Geest, et al., 2003). One way to facilitate change using transformational leadership involves the use of action learning (De Geest, et al., 2003). Leaders use directive, supportive, democratic, and enabling methods to implement and sustain change. The effects of such leadership will radiate to better outcomes for both nurses and patients. Transformational leadership focuses on the interpersonal processes between leaders and followers and is encouraged by empowerment (Hyett, 2003). Empowered nurses are able to believe in their own ability to create and adapt to change. When using a team approach to leadership, it is important to set boundaries, goals, accountability, and supports for team members (Hyett, 2003). Transformational leadership is seen as empowering, but the nurse manager must balance the use of power in a democratic fashion to avoid the appearance of abuse of power (Welford, 2002). Respect and trust of staff by the leader is essential. So I choose democratic leadership and communicate with other staff about the change implementation. I described everything to them and gave them work according to their ability. The posters are made by the junior staff. And plan was made to display the posters in the different areas of nursery and common areas with senior nurses. SO, nurse leaders should have knowledge of man agement, communication, and teamwork skills, as well as some background in health economics, finance, and evidence-based outcomes (Mahoney, 2001). Personal qualities desirable in a nurse leader include competence, confidence, courage, collaboration, and creativity. Nurse leaders should be aware of the changing environment and make changes proactively. Leaders who show concern for the needs and objectives of staff members and are cognizant of the conditions affecting the work environment will encourage productivity (Moiden, 2003). In doing this, it is important that a philosophy of productivity is established. After communication, now I implement the posters and hand gels in nursery. The posters were put on the area where maximal visibility occurs during work and during transit within the nursery. The subject on the posters is, cross infection, hand carriage, hand hygiene, hand disinfection and hand protection with gels. The partners are senior nurses, sister-in-charge, supervisors, junior staff nurses and health care assistants. Individual bottles of hand gels were distributed in large amount to nursery. Health care workers are also encouraged to carry a bottle in the pocket. A newly design flat bottle are made to put in pocket. So, staff is educated about hand hygiene to prevent infection in neonates. Senior management should provide funding to implement this change. And they also gave the permission of permanent use of nursery walls for poster display. According to Jooste (2004), three things that are essential to leadership are authority, power, and influence. Effective leaders of toda y should use more influence and less authority and power. It is more important to be able to motivate, persuade, appreciate, and negotiate than to merely wield power. Three categories of influence for nurse leaders to use in creating a supportive care environment. These include modeling by example, building caring relationships, and mentoring by instruction (Jooste, 2004). In addition, Jooste lists five practices fundamental to good leadership including inspiring a shared vision, enabling others to act, challenging processes, modeling, and encouraging. For example, a leader may challenge others to act by recognizing contributions and by fostering collaboration. Recognizing contributions also serves to encourage employees in their work. Team leadership moves the focus away from the leader towards the team as a whole (Jooste, 2004).Focus group data from a study of implementing change in a nursing home suggests that nurses want a leader with drive, enthusiasm, and credibility not mere superiority (Rycroft-Malone, et al., 2004). Further, focus group members identified qualities desired in a leader facilitating change. This person should have knowledge of the collaborative project, should have status with the team, should be able to manage others, take a positive approach to management, and possess good management skills (Rycroft-Malone, et al., 2004). Conclusion: The health care environment is constantly changing and producing new challenges that the nurse leader must work within (Jooste, 2004). Leadership involves enabling people to produce extraordinary things while being faced with challenge and change (Jooste, 2004). While management in the past took a direct, hierarchical approach to leadership, the time has come for a better leadership style that includes encouragement, listening, and facilitating (Hyett, 2003).This requires nurses to be better equipped with analytical and assertiveness skills (Welford, 2002). Transformational leadership is ideal for todays nursing practice as it seeks to satisfy needs, and involves both the leader and the follower in meeting needs (Welford, 2002). It is also flexible allowing the leader to adapt in varied situations. The leader accepts that things will change often, and followers will enjoy this flexibility. Thus both nurses and patients will benefit. The avoidance of hierarchy and the ability to work in new ways helps organizations put resources together to create added value for both employees and consumers (Welford, 2002). Further, use of transformational leadership allows team nurses to enhance their role as teacher or advocate (Welford, 2002).

Revival of the Irish Culture Essay -- Essays Papers

Revival of the Irish Culture People of Irish decent share a pride in their national heritage perhaps unlike any other culture today. Many Irish homes are decorated with clovers, flags, and other Gaelic symbols even today. This enthusiasm for Irish culture has not always been around. In fact, this source of pride can be traced back to one cultural revival movement in Ireland during the 1800’s. During this time, the people of Ireland formed the Gaelic League to unify their country, and to give themselves a national identity of where they came from. Due to the persecution of the Catholic Church, the Great Potato Famine, and many forms of persecution from the British, Ireland needed a way to remember their rich cultural history. Many factors go into making a country transform into a nation. Eoin MacNeill, the first president of the Gaelic League, believed in this full heartedly. He believed that it took much more then simply political sovereignty to unify a country into a nation (Hachey and Hernon Jr. and McCaffrey 140). MacNeill knew that in order for Ireland to unify, they were going to need to have a rich cultural history. His solution to this lack of culture was the Gaelic League. MacNeill urged the people of Ireland to be proud of not only their language, but their art, literature, sports, and dance. Almost immediately the people of Ireland took to this new sense of cultural nationalism. The Irish began to believe that their language was not merely a way to communicate, but a way of cultural values and a way of life (Hachey and Hernon Jr. and McCaffrey 140). People from the urban middle class, who previously knew nothing of the Gaelic history, began joining the league in massive amounts of numbe rs. Soon, many... ...nal heritage. Although many argue that no other Irish cultural movements succeeded during this time period, the Gaelic League perhaps did enough for all of them. Today Irish are proud of who they were, and what they have become. Works Cited Castle, Gregory. Modernism and the Celtic Revival. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001. Hachey, Thamas E., Joseph M. Hernon Jr., and Lawrence J. McCaffrey. The Irish Experience. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1989. Hepburn, A.C.. â€Å"Language, Religion and National Identity in Ireland since 1880.† Perspectives on European Politics & Society 02.2 (2001) Academic Search Premier Miller, David W. â€Å"Irish Catholicism and the Great Famine.† Journal of Social History 09.1 (Fall 1975) Academic Search Premier.

How does Browning show the balance of power between men and women in :: English Literature

How does Browning show the balance of power between men and women in My Last Duchess and Porphryria's Lover? In these two poems Robert Browning shows the balance of power in male-female relationships. Both are very similar in the way that they portray the women having more power than they should have, and the men not having the power they think they should have. In the first poem, 'My Last Duchess', Browning shows the Duke not having full control over his wife, the Duchess. In the second poem, 'Porphyria's Lover', the narrator does not have control because she is in a higher class and cannot be with him and she would lower her class and she is not ready to give it up. In 'My Last Duchess', the Duke is talking to someone about the dead Duchess. He first refers to power over the Duchess in the poem when he says about the painting of her behind the curtain, and if anybody wants to see it they would have to ask him first, 'Since none puts by The curtain I have drawn for you, but I' This shows that he still has control over her even though she has passed on. After that he writes about how every little detail seemed to please her, 'She had A heart how shall I say... too soon made glad, Too easily impressed; she liked whate'er She looked on, and her looks went everywhere.' The Duke gets quite angry at this point, 'The bough of cherries some officious fool Broke in the orchard for her,' This is about how a man broke into the orchard, took a bunch of cherry blossom and gave it to the duchess, and made her very pleased, which as you can understand he can give her far better things than a common man can give, 'As if she ranked My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name With anybody's gift.' He gave her his old and important family name which most women would give their happiness to have, when she married him, which in the Duke's eyes is better than anything else in the world. He says that to comment on this behaviour is stooping down to a lower level, 'And I choose Never to stoop' The Duchess's behaviour becomes beyond tolerable next, 'Oh, sir, she smiled, no doubt, When'er I passed her; but who passed without Much the same smile? This grew; I gave commands; Then all smiles stopped together.' This greatly suggests that the Duke thought he had the power over the Duchess, and used it to order someone to kill her, although he doesn't directly say but he strongly hints it. But Browning cleverly wrote the

Impact of Technology on Music Essay -- Term Papers Research Essays

Impact of Technology on Music The introduction to the internet in the early nineties and the creation of broadband, MP3, and the file sharing network known as â€Å"peer to peer† has completely revolutionised the music industry. A large percentage of music is today downloaded over the internet, and not bought over the counter in a record store. This essay will address the impact of new technology on music, and how music is distributed. To do this, the paper will first briefly explain the history of the digital revolution. Then it will contrast the problems and the possibilities this technology has created. Over the years, the development of new technology has caused significant changes to the world we are living in. These technological advancements affect us to different degrees and in different ways. In recent years, the development of new technology has caused significant changes to the music industry. For three quarters of a century, records were made by a process now known as analogue recording. This process was replaced by digital recording in 1976. The initial advantage of digital recording was that it offered a more accurate way to reproduce sound. A few years later, in 1983, the compact disc was invented and it was now possible to store digital sound on a digital medium. This was widely thought of as the completion of the digital revolution (Teachout, 2002). The birth of the CD wasn’t the end of the digital revolution. There were bigger and more important innovations in the horizon. The evolution of the internet was on its way, and the possibilities of this medium were almost unlimited (Sutherland, 2004). The development of the internet, broadband, MP3, and then the different ways to share music with each other create... .... (2004). The RIAA is behind the times. Retrieved 14.9, 2004, from http://www.yale.edu/yfp/archives/feb04/feb04_riaa.html Green, H. (2004). Downloads: The Next Generation; Music merchants are trying new ways to make an honest buck off the Internet. Business Week, 1(3870), 64. Musicunintended.org. (2004). more than 2.6 billion files are downloaded illigaly per month. Retrieved 16.9, 2004, from http://www.musicunited.org/ RIAA. (2004). What the RIAA is Doing About Piracy. Retrieved 14.9, 2004, from http://www.riaa.com/issues/piracy/riaa.asp Sherman, C. (2000). Napster: Copyright killer or distribution hero? Online, 24(6), 8. Sutherland, J. (2004). Business Objects and the Evolution of the Internet. Retrieved 16.9, 2004, from http://jeffsutherland.com/papers/crcweb.html Teachout, T. (2002). Why listening will never be the same. Commentary, 1 14(2), 4.

Effectiveness Of Therapeutic Play Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter dealt with literature mention sing curative drama and painful processs and surveies related to Gate Control Theory. This chapter besides dealt with conceptual model of Melzack and Wall ( 1965 ) Gate Control Theory. CHAPTER-III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter deals with the methodological analysis selected for measuring the effectivity of curative drama on degree of hurting during endovenous canulation. The function of methodological analysis consists of processs and techniques of carry oning a survey. ( Sharma,1990 ) Methodology is a important portion of the research under which the research worker is able to project a bluish print of the research undertaken RESEARCH APPROACH The subdivision of research attack is the basic process for carry oning a research question. In position of the nature of the job selected and aims to be accomplished, a quantitative appraising research attack was considered appropriate to measure the effectivity of curative drama before making endovenous canulation among kids admitted in selected infirmary, Salem. RESEARCH DESIGN Research design is the overall program for turn toing research worker ‘s inquiries including specification for heightening the survey ‘s unity. ( Polit and Beck, 2004 ) Choice of design is based on the intent of the survey. The research design adopted for the survey was Non-equivalent Post trial merely control group design. Group Day 1 Experimental group X O1 Control group O1 Fig-3.1: Conventional representation of research design Keies: Ten: Intervention on curative drama. O1: Post-test merely to measure the degree of hurting during endovenous canulation. VARIABLES UNDER STUDY: A variable is a mensurable or potentially mensurable constituent of an object or event that may fluctuate in quality or measure from one person, object or event to another single object or event of the same general category. ( Basavanthappa, 1998 ) The variables under the survey was the followers, Independent variable: Harmonizing to Polit and Hungler, ( 1999 ) the independent variable is believed to care or act upon the behavior and thoughts. In this survey the independent variable refers to curative drama before making endovenous canulation. Dependent Variable: The dependant variable is the variable, the research worker is interested in understanding, explicating and predating. ( Polit and Hungler, 1999 ) In this survey the dependant variable refers to the degree of hurting during endovenous canulation among kids. Extraneous Variable: The variables that are present in research environment which may interfere with research findings by moving as unwanted independent variable. ( Woods and Khan, 1994 ) In this survey it refers to selected demographic variables such as age in old ages, gender and behavioral response to endovenous canulation. Setting OF THE STUDY: The scene of the survey is the physical location and status in which information aggregation takes topographic point. ( Polit and Hungler, 2009 ) The survey was conducted in Pranav Hospital, Salem. It is located near to New Bus Stand and about 2kms distance from the establishment, where the research worker is analyzing. The infirmary is 150 stratified multi forte infirmary with 30 bed in Paediatric unit. Population: Harmonizing to Polit and Beck. , ( 2004 ) population is the full collection of instances in which a research worker is interested. Population may be of two types, accessible population and mark population. In this survey two are described. Target Population: It refers to the population that the research worker wishes to do a generalization. In this research the mark population was kids acquiring admitted in Pranav Hospital. Accessible Population: It refers to the sum of instances which confirm to the designed standards and which is accessible to the research worker as the pool of topics or objects. In this survey the population consisted of kids acquiring admitted in Pranav Hospital who were undergoing endovenous canulation during the period of survey. Sample: Harmonizing to Polit and Beck. , ( 2004 ) sampling is the procedure of choosing a part of population to stand for the full population. Sample is the subset of population elements. In this survey the samples selected from kids of age group 3-6 old ages undergoing endovenous canulation in Pranav Hospital who fulfil the inclusion standards. Sampling TECHNIQUE AND SAMPLE SIZE Thomas. , ( 1990 ) defines trying is the procedure of choosing units for survey from a population. In this survey Purposive sampling technique was used to choose sample. Sample size was 20 for control group and 20 for experimental group. CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION Inclusion Standards: The topic was selected based on the preset standards, aˆ? Children between the age group of 3-6yrs. aˆ? Children who had admitted in pediatric ward for the intervention through endovenous canulation. Exclusion Standards: aˆ? Mentally challenged kids. aˆ? Children with critically sick or of exigency admittance. DESCRIPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF TOOLS The instrument selected in research must be vechile that obtain best informations for pulling decision to the survey. ( Treece and Treece, 1986 ) The tool developed based on the information gathered from relevant literature reappraisal. The content cogency of the demographic informations and independent variable was established by obtaining sentiment from 5 experts ( 3 Nursing experts and 2 Medical experts ) . Tool -1: Demographic informations: It includes age in old ages, gender, behavioral response to endovenous canulation of the kid. Demographic information of the instrument was non scored but used for descriptive analysis. Tool-2: Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale: This evaluation graduated table is recommended for kids of ages 3and older. It consists of mark 0,2,4,6,8,10. During the clip of endovenous canulation the facial look of the kid was assessed by the research worker with this hurting graduated table. Face 0-no injury, Face 2-hurts merely a small spot, Face 4-hurts a little more, Face 6-hurts even more, Face 8-hurts a whole batch, Face 10-hurt every bit much as we can conceive of. Based on the hiting the hurting degree was assessed. Development of curative drama for direction of painful processs: A curative drama on direction of painful processs was prepared to diminish the degree of hurting during endovenous canulation. The stuffs used were venflon without stillet, plaster, stuffed doll with endovenous injection site, splint. The presentation was done by the research worker utilizing the needed stuffs and so the kid was allowed to pattern the endovenous canulation for the doll. This method was done before making endovenous canulation to the kid by the staff nurse. VALIDITY OF THE TOOL AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: The content was validated by the same 5 experts who validated the tool ( demographic variable ) and independent variable as per the standard. Harmonizing to experts suggestions the necessary images were included in the independent variable. It was translated in Tamil and once more retranslated in English by the linguistic communication experts severally. PILOT STUDY: Pilot survey is the little scale version or a trail tally done in readying for major survey. ( Polit and Hungler, 1999 ) The Pilot survey was conducted in SKS Hospital at Salem. After acquiring the written permission from concerned authorization, researcher conducted survey from 4.08.2010 to 11.08.2010 among kids who underwent endovenous canulation. The intent of the survey was explained to the samples and their parent every bit good as written consent was obtained from them. The entire size was 2 for control group and 2 for experimental group. Purposive sampling technique was used for sample choice. For the control group without giving intercession, the degree of hurting was assessed. A concise information analysis done by utilizing descriptive and illative statistics. The consequence of the survey showed the average station trial degree of hurting for control group as 90 % and for experimental group as 50 % . After that the ‘t ‘ value was calculated to happen out the important difference between the degree of hurting for control group and experimental group at P & lt ; 0.05 degree of significance. No important difference was seen between the control group and experimental group. No association was found between station trial degree of hurting and their age, gender and behavioral response of the kid. Since the sample size was merely 2 for control group and 2 for the experimental group. so the survey was non found as important in ‘t ‘ trial and chi-square trial. DATACOLLECTION PROCEDURE: Harmonizing to Polit and Hungler. , ( 1999 ) , â€Å" Data aggregation is the assemblage of information needed to turn to a research job † . Data aggregation for the survey was done from 18.08.2010 to 05.09.2010 in Pranav Hospital at Salem. Initially the research worker got the permission from the concerned authorization. Then the population were identified from the kids who have got admitted in the infirmary were selected by utilizing purposive sampling technique based on the inclusion standards. The sample size was 20 kids as control group and 20 as experimental group and the intent of the survey was explained to the samples and their parent every bit good as willingness to take part was assured by taking written consent of the parent of each sample and giving confidence for maintaining their information confidentially. At first the control group was selected and no intercession was given. On the twenty-four hours of admittance the hurting degree was assessed, during endovenous canulation by utilizing Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale. After the control group got finished, the experimental group was selected by purposive sampling technique. On day-1, after the kid got admitted, the parents and the kid were introduced by the research worker. The intercession on curative drama given. A particular room was provided to them in the presence of playthings. The research worker clearly explained and taught about the curative drama by utilizing a stuffed doll and the other needful stuffs. The research worker demonstrated the curative drama. Then the research worker made the kid to pattern the endovenous canulation on the doll by doing an unreal endovenous canulation site utilizing a venflon without stillet. After the intercession the research worker identified that the kid got relaxation from the emphasis of hospitalization. The continuance of the intercession was 20 proceedingss. After the intercession the kid was made to be ready for endovenous canulation. The endovenous canulation was done by the staff nurse. The post-test degree of hurting was assessed during the endovenous canulation by utilizing the same tool. Plan FOR DATA ANALYSIS Collected informations were planned for analysis by utilizing the frequence distribution, descriptive ststistics ( mean, SD, average mark per centum ) and illative statistics ( pupil ‘t ‘ trial, Chi-square trial ) .This was done to happen out the effectivity of curative drama degree of hurting among kids who underwent endovenous canulation. Summary This chapter dealt with the methodological analysis of how the research worker had planned and organized for the informations aggregation, the method of hiting and description of tool, pilot survey, informations aggregation process and program for informations analysis.

The History Of Unemployment During Recession Economics Essay

IntroductionThe un custom stride is peerless of the of implication variables that policy shapers argon interested in. in that location ar different compositors cases of un consumption and it is really disenfranchised for politicss to find which causes ar most of conditional relation and how to cover with Te and causes an inward faulting in the labour demand kink ( Abel et al. , 2008 ) . In configuration 3, the ostracize generate semiconsciousness causes a autumn in the tire out market counterweight from purport A to B. At the modernistic counterweight both quick pay and job mark falls. This graph be ramps reflects the effects of cover pecuniary cling to grogginess on the labor market.-Supply Side FactorsDuring ecological niche both concerns and persons tend to retrench their scotch belts and this causes oppose effects on the dot of intersection pointion and accordingly demands for labour lessening. Therefore, during street corneral unemployment turns out to be 1 of the study jobs on both authorities and society. or so of the unemployment during recession base on total- boldness factors same(p) private movable accomplishments, job-seeker search channel, bank lineal mobility ( occupation accomplishments ) , and geographical mobility ( Adams et al. , 2000 ) . For illustration in UK, sparingalal construction is turning to function based from fabricating based frugal governing body ( Parkin, 2012 ) . The boss ground of this structural readjustment is globalization and international tradiane understandings. Harmonizing to Parkin ( 2012 ) , UK has all in all lost its follow advantages in fabricating right-hand(a)s since the cost of employment is much cheaper in easterly Europe states. Structural alterations become immemorial and secondary sector workers fall back their occupations and few(prenominal) of them stand non happen new occupations since they do nt hold necessary accomplishments for working in se rvice sectors such(prenominal) as pecuniary service establishments and information engineering.However, as yet when scotch system is runing at mount capacity, there is some unemployment that causes by the provide side factors. This is by and large known as the natural rate of unemployment or equilibrium unemployment ( Blink and Dorton, 2007 ) . The natural rate of unemployment exists when the labor market is in equilibrium ( Abel et al. , 2008 ) . In figure 4, the entire labour compact ( TLF ) in an economic system and mass fork up of labor ( ASL ) , which stands for the figure of nation who atomic number 18 willing to work at every given pay rate, are presented. The difference between points a and B is natural rate of unemployment. The natural rate of unemployment is the combination of frictional and structural unemployment ( Abel et al. , 2008 ) . frictional unemployment occurs when employees leave their occupations for happening more than desirable occupation chan ces in outrank to achieve their calling and income outlooks ( Parkin, 2012 ) . While employees are pursuit for new occupations, there is ever some frictional unemployment in the economic system. The measly occupation information may leathem. The devil main(prenominal) types of causes of unemployment put forward be burst out as demand-sided and supply-sided. The unemployment has both economic and noneconomic cost ( McConnell and Brue, 2005 ) . The economic be of unemployment are ( I ) lessening in income and end increase that is measured in footings of the GNP distri notwithstandinge and, ( two ) commove of unemployment is non distributed every small-arm among employees particularly during recession limits ( Petroff, 2002 ) . On the some other manus, loss of assurance, societal and political struggles can be counted as some of the noneconomic costs of unemployment ( McConnell and Brue, 2005 ) . Therefore, it is of import to analyze causes and results of unemployment particularly during recession period.Unemployment during RecessionSince Industrial Revolution, the full universe economic system has gained a impulse. This impulse has guide to economic enlargement an adjunct in quality of life. However, this impulse has nt shown continuity. States have experient m either ups and downs in their economic activities since they industrialized. These up and down motions in economic activities or in performance item are known as concern or economic rung ( Parkin, 2012 Abel et al. , 2008 ) . There are two chief periods of the concern rhythm ( Parkin, 2012 ) enlargement and recession. An enlargement is a period which represents an addition in the economic activities and doing degree of an thrift/country ( Burda and Wyplosz, 2001 ) . Contrary, recession is an drawn-out clip period when the economic activities and gross domestic merchandise ( gross domestic product ) of a state are decelerating or falling down ( Abel et al, 2008 Harris, 2002 ) . T hese activities are including degree of employment, investings, household income, concern net incomes and rebellion prices rate. In a concern or economic rhythm, recession occurs between summit and trough points. It is in any case known as a concern rhythm contraction. This is delineated in the Figure 1.-Causes of Recession prejudicial Demand and Supply ShocksHarmonizing to Abel et Al. ( 2008 ) , two chief causes of economic recession are disconfirming collective demand daze ( ADS ) and interdict sum supply daze ( toilet ) . A prejudicious ADS is a abrupt outcome that decreases the aggregative demand in an economic system ( Burda and Wyplosz, 2001 ) . There are several grounds for this type of prejudicial daze. It by and large occurs because of tight fiscal and pecuniary policies ( Abel et al. , 2008 ) . Government sets high revenue enhancement enhancements and reduces authorities expenditures to diminish the inflationary potency per unit areas. On the other manus , these policies can do a autumn in the aggregative demand and as a consequence economic recession takes topographic point. The recession that United Kingdom ( UK ) experience during 1980-81 was caused by tight financial and pecuniary policies ( Pettinger, 2012 ) . There were high revenue enhancement rates, low authorities outgo, and high betrothal rates for turn up downing disbursement, using up and investing. The UK authorities was applied these tight policies for cut downing the inflationary phalanx per unit areas which was formed in the late of 1980 s. swelling had travel but the cost of these policies was the economic recession. Classical economic experts suggest that the negative ADS do non do continued fluctuations in end product degree ( Burda and Wyplosz, 2001 ) . However, they witness that a negative stinkpot is a major ground behind the full of life alterations in end product and employment degree ( Burda and Wyplosz, 2001 ) . A negative supply daze or a negativ e production daze is an unexpected event that decreases the aggregative supply in an economy/country ( Abel et al. , 2008 ) . A negative ASS causes an inward displacement in the coarse tally sum supply ( LRAS ) yield of an economic system ( Abel et al. , 2008 ) .In figure 2, there is an inward displacement in the LRAS curve because of a negative supply daze. It is cut downing full-employment end product from Q1 to Q2 and increase the monetary value degree from P1 to P2. This alteration in the monetary value degree represents that a negative supply daze causes monetary values to gip during the recession. Some of the existent universe illustrations of negative supply dazes are alterations in conditions, such as an unexpected cold conditions alterations in the construction of industries, such as meet of two or more prevailing companies ( Abel et al. , 2008 ) . Sometimes, the dominant providers join together for change magnitude their market power. By this manner, they can conq uer supply and put higher monetary values for doing more net income. The existent universe contemplation of this happened in 1970 s by the Organization of Petroleum merchandise Countries ( OPEC ) where members were imposed an oil trade resolution and so increased oil monetary values. When the oil monetary values rise, houses began to establish forth less since the cost of production was increase independently from aggregative demand. During oil monetary value daze, labour demand, employment and existent pay rate had fallen ( Carlstrom and Fuerst, 2006 ) .A negative supply daze reduces the measure of labor demanded at any given existent pay rad this seeking procedure to take languishitudinal than what the employees expected and accordingly employees may lose their motives for happening new occupations. Unemployment benefits are besides a factor that affect the inducing to non to work.Besides, structural unemployment occurs when the construction or production methods of an indus try are changed in order to maintain gait with alterations in consumers gustative sensations and new production techniques ( Sloman, 2004 ) . Structural unemployment is by and large known as the long run unemployment since workers must retrain or they may hold to relocate for remaining at their current occupations or happening new occupations ( Parkin, 2012 ) . On the other manus, the fiscal and moral costs of retraining and resettlement lead structural unemployment that contains geographical and occupational stationariness. lodgment monetary values are one of the most of import fiscal jobs that cause geographical stationariness. For illustration in London, the spry capital metropolis life creates more occupation chances than in the North of England, but lodging monetary values and rents are much more expensive than in the North of England. So, some workers may privilege to take unemployment benefits and remaining at their vicinities rather than paying high rents or get ex pensive houses in London. This causes geographical stationariness.An addition in unemployment rate besides increases the load of the authorities. High unemployment means an addition in the entire sum of unemployment benefits that authoritiess have to pay. As a consequence of an addition in unemployment rate, authorities s grosss fall. So, it causes budget shortages. In order to diminish the rate of unemployment, authorities may utilize both supply-side and demand-side policies. The chief purpose of the supply-side constabularies is to do labour force more antiphonal and flexible against the alterations in occupation chances ( Sloman, 2004 ) . However, if there is deficiency of aggregative demand, supply-side policies can be uneffective. Therefore, for accomplishing more impelling consequences authorities can back up supply-side policies by utilizing demand-side policies every bit good as financial and pecuniary policies.DecisionIn late old ages, recession become one of the major j obs that the full universe economic systems encountered. It is inevitable for authoritiess to take certain step to find the causes of economic downswing. It can be caused by demand side or provide side dazes. During the recession, unemployment becomes one of the solemn jobs because of low degrees of ingestion, demand and investing ( Pettinger, 2011 ) . However, unemployment exists even when economic system is runing at full capacity. Unemployment neer becomes zero because of supply-side factors, like personal movable accomplishments, job-seeker research channel, occupational mobility ( occupation accomplishments ) , and geographical mobility ( Adams et al. , 2000 ) . Structural and frictional unemployment are unemployment types that cause by supply side factors. There are monolithic research attempts to happen out causes of unemployment and how to cover with it. The long permanent effects of unemployment make it an of import job for all economic systems and authoritiess that boo st authoritiess to seek to happen solutions for it since it has economic, societal and political effects.